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Space Shuttle Fact Archive 2nd edition by Robert Godwin

All photos courtesy of NASA, Apogee Books, Emily Godwin

ISBN-13 978-1926837-24-6

©2013 Griffin Media

Shuttle Basics

The Space Shuttle was the world’s first reusable spacecraft, and the first spacecraft in history that could carry large satellites both to and from orbit. The Shuttle launched like a rocket, maneuvered in Earth orbit like a spacecraft and landed like an airplane. Each of the three Space Shuttle orbiters now retired — Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour — were designed to fly at least 100 missions. Altogether they flew a combined total of 97 missions, less than one-third of that.

Columbia was the first Space Shuttle orbiter to be delivered to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Fla., in March 1979. Columbia and the STS-107 crew were lost Feb. 1, 2003, during re-entry. The Orbiter Challenger was delivered to KSC in July 1982 and was destroyed in an explosion during ascent in January 1986. Discovery was delivered in November 1983. Atlantis was delivered in April 1985. Endeavour was built as a replacement following the Challenger accident and was delivered to Florida in May 1991. An early Space Shuttle Orbiter, the Enterprise (OV-101), never flew in space but was used for five approach and landing tests at the Dryden Flight Research Center and several launch pad studies in the late 1970s. Fred Haise was the first to command a shuttle flight. The Enterprise is now at the Intrepid Air and Space Museum.

The two crews of Enterprise, the first space shuttle, Fullerton, Haise, Engle and Truly

The Space Shuttle consisted of three major components: the Orbiter which houses the crew; a large External Tank that holds fuel for the main engines; and two Solid Rocket Boosters which provided most of the Shuttle’s lift during the first two minutes of flight. All of the components were reused except for the external fuel tank, which burned up in the atmosphere after each launch.

The longest the Shuttle stayed in orbit on any single mission is 17.5 days on mission STS-80 in November 1996. Normally, missions were planned for anywhere from five to 16 days in duration. The smallest crew ever to fly on the Shuttle numbered two people on the first few missions. The largest crew numbered eight people. Normally, crews ranged in size from five to seven people. The Shuttle was designed to reach orbits ranging from about 185 kilometers to 643 kilometers (115 statute miles to 400 statute miles) high.

The Shuttle has the most reliable launch record of any rocket to ever operate. Between 1981 and 2011, it boosted more than 1.59 million kilograms (3.5 million pounds) of cargo into orbit. 833 crew members flew on its 135 space missions. Although it was in operation for more than 30 years, the Shuttle continually evolved and was significantly different at the end of the program than when it first was launched. NASA made literally thousands of major and minor modifications to the original design that made it safer, more reliable and more capable than ever before.

Since 1992 alone, NASA made engine and system improvements that were estimated to have tripled the safety of flying the Space Shuttle, and the number of problems experienced while a Space Shuttle was in flight decreased by 70 percent. During the same period, the cost of operating the Shuttle decreased by one and a quarter billion dollars annually — a reduction of more than 40 percent. At the same time, because of weight reductions and other improvements, the cargo the Shuttle could carry increased by 7.3 metric tons (8 tons.)

In managing and operating the Space Shuttle, NASA held the safety of the crew as its highest priority.

Solid Rocket Boosters

The Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) operated in parallel with the main engines for the first two minutes of flight to provide the additional thrust needed for the Orbiter to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth. At an altitude of approximately 45 km (24 nautical miles), the boosters separated from the orbiter/external tank, descended on parachutes, and landed in the Atlantic Ocean. They were recovered by ships, returned to land, and refurbished for reuse. The boosters also assisted in guiding the entire vehicle during initial ascent. Thrust of both boosters was equal to 5,300,000 lbs.

In addition to the solid rocket motor, the booster contained the structural, thrust vector control, separation, recovery, and electrical and instrumentation subsystems.

The solid rocket motor was the largest solid propellant motor ever developed for space flight and the first built to be used on a manned craft. The huge motor was composed of a segmented motor case loaded with solid propellants, an ignition system, a movable nozzle and the necessary instrumentation and integration hardware.

Each solid rocket motor contained more than 450,000 kg (1,000,000 lb.) of propellant, which required an extensive mixing and casting operation at a plant in Utah. The propellant was mixed in 600 gallon bowls located in three different mixer buildings. The propellant was then taken to special casting buildings and poured into the casting segments.

Cured propellant looks and feels like a hard rubber typewriter eraser. The combined polymer and its curing agent is a synthetic rubber. Flexibility of the propellant is controlled by the ratio of binder to curing agent and the solid ingredients, namely oxidizer and aluminum. The solid fuel is actually powdered aluminum — a form similar to the foil wraps in your kitchen — mixed with oxygen provided by a chemical called ammonium perchlorate.

SRB Stats

Thrust at lift-off: 2,650,000 pounds

Propellant Properties:

16% Atomized aluminum powder (fuel)

69.8% Ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer)

0.2% Iron oxide powder (catalyst )

12% Polybutadiene acrylic acid acrylonite (binder)

2% Epoxy curing agent

Weight

Empty: 193,000 pounds

Propellant: 1,107,000 pounds

Gross: 1,300,000 pounds

The External Tank

The External Tank, or ET, was the “gas tank” for the Orbiter; it contained the propellants used by the Space Shuttle Main Engines.

The tank was also the “backbone” of the Shuttle during the launch, providing structural support for attachment with the solid rocket boosters and orbiter.

The tank was the only component of the Space Shuttle that was not reused. Approximately 8.5 minutes into the flight, with its propellant used, the tank was jettisoned.

At liftoff, the External Tank absorbed the total (7.8 million pounds) thrust loads of the three main engines and the two solid rocket motors.

When the Solid Rocket Boosters separated at an altitude of approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles), the orbiter, with the main engines still burning, carried the external tank piggyback to near orbital velocity, approximately 113 kilometers (70 miles) above the Earth. The now nearly empty tank separated and fell in a preplanned trajectory with the majority of it disintegrating in the atmosphere and the rest falling into the ocean.

The three main components of the External Tank were an oxygen tank, located in the forward position, an aft-positioned hydrogen tank, and a collar-like intertank, which connected the two propellant tanks, housed instrumentation and processing equipment, and provided the attachment structure for the forward end of the solid rocket boosters.

The hydrogen tank was 2.5 times larger than the oxygen tank but weighed only one-third as much when filled to capacity. The reason for the difference in weight is that liquid oxygen is 16 times heavier than liquid hydrogen.

The skin of the External Tank was covered with a thermal protection system that is a 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) thick coating of spray-on polyisocyanurate foam. The purpose of the thermal protection system was to maintain the propellants at an acceptable temperature, to protect the skin surface from aerodynamic heat and to minimize ice formation.

The External Tank included a propellant feed system to duct the propellants to the Orbiter engines, a pressurization and vent system to regulate the tank pressure, an environmental conditioning system to regulate the temperature and render the atmosphere in the intertank area inert, and an electrical system to distribute power and instrumentation signals and provide lightning protection.

The tank’s propellants were fed to the Orbiter through a 43-centimeter (17-inch) diameter connection that branched inside the orbiter to feed each main engine.

External Tank Stats

Weight:

Empty: 78,100 pounds

Propellant: 1,585,379 pounds

Gross: 1,667,677 pounds

Propellant Weight *

Liquid oxygen: 1,359,142 pounds

Liquid hydrogen: 226,237 pounds

Gross: 1,585,379 pounds

Propellant Volume *

Liquid oxygen tank: 143,060 gallons

Liquid hydrogen tank: 383,066 gallons

Gross: 526,126 gallons

* Liquid oxygen is 16 times heavier than liquid hydrogen.

Space Shuttle Main Engines

The three Space Shuttle Main Engines, in conjunction with the Solid Rocket Boosters, provided the thrust to lift the Orbiter off the ground for the initial ascent. The main engines continued to operate for 8.5 minutes after launch, the duration of the Shuttle’s powered flight.

After the solid rockets were jettisoned, the main engines provided thrust which accelerated the Shuttle from 4,828 kilometers per hour (3,000 mph) to over 27,358 kilometers per hour (17,000 mph) in just six minutes to reach orbit. They created a combined maximum thrust of more than 1.2 million pounds.

As the Shuttle accelerated, the main engines burned a half-million gallons of liquid propellant provided by the large, orange external fuel tank. The main engines burned liquid hydrogen — the second coldest liquid on Earth at minus 423 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 252.8 degrees Celsius) — and liquid oxygen.

The engines’ exhaust was primarily water vapor as the hydrogen and oxygen combined. As they pushed the Shuttle toward orbit, the engines consumed liquid fuel at a rate that would drain an average family swimming pool in under 25 seconds generating over 37 million horsepower. Their turbines spun almost 13 times as fast as an automobile engine spins when it is running at highway speed.

The main engines developed thrust by using high-energy propellants in a staged combustion cycle. The propellants were partially combusted in dual preburners to produce high-pressure hot gas to drive the turbopumps.

Combustion was completed in the main combustion chamber. Temperatures in the main engine combustion chamber could reach as high as 6,000 degrees Fahrenheit (3,315.6 degrees Celsius).

Each Space Shuttle Main Engine operated at a liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen mixture ratio of 6 to 1 to produce a sea level thrust of 179,097 kilograms (375,000 pounds) and a vacuum thrust of 213,188 (470,000 pounds).

The engines could be throttled over a thrust range of 65 percent to 109 percent, which provided for a high thrust level during liftoff and the initial ascent phase but allowed thrust to be reduced to limit acceleration to 3 g’s during the final ascent phase. The engines are gimbaled to provide pitch, yaw and roll control during the ascent.

Main Engine Stats

Thrust

- Sea level: 375,000 pounds

- Vacuum: 470,000 pounds

- Nominal operating time: 8.5 minutes after liftoff

- Propellant Mixture: 6 parts liquid oxygen to 1 part liquid hydrogen (by weight)

- Weight: Approximately 6,700 pounds each

- Dimensions: 14 feet long, 7.5 feet wide at mouth of nozzle

- Life: 7.5 hours, 55 starts

The Orbiter

The Orbiter was both the brains and heart of the Space Transportation System. About the same size and weight as a DC-9 aircraft, the Orbiter contained the pressurized crew compartment (which could normally carry up to seven crew members), the huge cargo bay, and the three main engines mounted on its aft end.

The cockpit, living quarters and experiment operator’s station were located in the forward fuselage of the Orbiter vehicle. Payloads were carried in the mid-fuselage payload bay, and the Orbiter’s main engines and maneuvering thrusters were located in the aft fuselage.

Forward Fuselage

The cockpit, living quarters and experiment operator’s station were located in the forward fuselage. This area housed the pressurized crew module and provided support for the nose section, the nose gear and the nose gear wheel well and doors.

Crew Module

The 65.8-cubic-meter (2,325-cubic-foot) crew station module was a three-section pressurized working, living and stowage compartment in the forward portion of the Orbiter. It consisted of the flight deck, the middeck/equipment bay and an airlock. Outside the aft bulkhead of the crew module in the payload bay, a docking module and a transfer tunnel with an adapter could be fitted to allow crew and equipment transfer for docking, Spacelab and extravehicular operations.

The two-level crew module had a forward flight deck with the commander’s seat positioned on the left and the pilot’s seat on the right.

Flight Deck

The flight deck was designed in the usual pilot/copilot arrangement, which permitted the vehicle to be piloted from either seat and permitsted one-man emergency return. Each seat had manual flight controls, including rotation and translation hand controllers, rudder pedals and speed-brake controllers. The flight deck seated four. The on-orbit displays and controls were at the aft end of the flight deck/crew compartment. The displays and controls on the left were for operating the Orbiter, and those on the right were for operating and handling the payloads. More than 2,020 separate displays and controls were located on the flight deck.

Six pressure windshields, two overhead windows and two rear-viewing payload bay windows were located in the upper flight deck of the crew module, and a window was located in the crew entrance/exit hatch located in the midsection, or deck, of the crew module.

Middeck

The middeck contained provisions and stowage facilities for four crew sleep stations. Stowage for the lithium hydroxide canisters and other gear, the waste management system, the personal hygiene station and the work/dining table was also provided in the middeck.

The nominal maximum crew size was seven. The middeck could be reconfigured by adding three rescue seats in place of the modular stowage and sleeping provisions. The seating capacity would then accommodate the rescue flight crew of three and a maximum rescued crew of seven.

Airlock

The airlock provided access for spacewalks, known as extravehicular activity, or EVA. It could be located in one of several places: inside the Orbiter crew module in the middeck area mounted to the aft bulkhead, outside the cabin also mounted to the bulkhead or on top of a tunnel adapter that could connect the pressurized Spacehab module with the Orbiter cabin. A docking module could also serve as an EVA airlock. The airlock contained two spacesuits, expendables for two six-hour payload EVAs and one contingency or emergency EVA, and mobility aids such as handrails to enable the crew to perform a variety of tasks. The airlock allowed two crewmen room for changing spacesuits.

Midfuselage

In addition to forming the payload bay of the Orbiter, the midfuselage supported the payload bay doors, hinges and tiedown fittings, the forward wing glove and various Orbiter system components.

Each payload bay door supported four radiator panels. When the doors were opened, the tilting radiators were unlatched and moved to the proper position. This allowed heat radiation from both sides of the panels, whereas the four aft radiator panels radiated from the upper side only.

Some payloads were not attached directly to the Orbiter but to payload carriers that were attached to the Orbiter. The inertial upper stage, pressurized modules or any specialized cradle for holding a payload were typical carriers.

The Remote Manipulator System, or RMS, was a 15.2-meter (50-foot) long articulating arm remotely controlled from the flight deck of the Orbiter. The elbow and wrist movements permitted payloads to be grappled for deployment out of the payload bay or retrieved and secured for return to Earth.

A television camera and lights near the outer end of the arm permitted the operator to see on television monitors what his hands were doing. In addition, three floodlights were located along each side of the payload bay.

Aft Fuselage

The aft fuselage consisted of the left and right orbital maneuvering systems, Space Shuttle main engines, body flap, vertical tail and Orbiter/external tank rear attachments.

The forward bulkhead closed off the aft fuselage from the midfuselage. The upper portion of the bulkhead attached to the vertical tail. The internal thrust structure supported the three Space Shuttle main engines, low pressure turbopumps and propellant lines.

Orbiter Stats:

Height: (on runway) 57 feet

Length: 122 feet

Wingspan: 78 feet

Mid Fuselage:

Length: 60 feet

Width: 17 feet

Height: 13 feet

Aft Fuselage

Length: 18 feet

Width: 22 feet

Height:20 feet

Payload Bay Doors

Length: 60 feet

Diameter: 15 feet

Width: 22.67 feet

Surface: 1,600 feet^2

Ground Events

NASA ORBITER FLEET

Atlantis (OV-104)

NASA’s fourth space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter, OV-104 “Atlantis,” was named after the two-masted boat that served as the primary research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts from 1930 to 1966. The boat had a 17-member crew and accommodated up to five scientists who worked in two onboard laboratories, examining water samples and marine life. The crew also used the first electronic sounding devices to map the ocean floor.

Construction of the orbiter Atlantis began on March 3, 1980. Thanks to lessons learned in the construction and testing of orbiters Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger, Atlantis was completed in about half the time in man-hours spent on Columbia. This is largely attributed to the use of large thermal protection blankets on the orbiter’s upper body, rather than individual tiles requiring more attention.

Weighing in at 151,315 pounds when it rolled out of the assembly plant in Palmdale, Calif., Atlantis was nearly 3.5 tons lighter than Columbia. The new orbiter arrived at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 9, 1985, and over the next seven months was prepared for her maiden voyage.

Like her seafaring predecessor, orbiter Atlantis carried on the spirit of exploration with several important missions of her own. On Oct. 3, 1985, Atlantis launched on her first space flight, STS-51-J, with a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense. The vehicle went on to carry four more DOD payloads on later missions.

Atlantis also served as the on-orbit launch site for many noteworthy spacecraft, including planetary probes Magellan and Galileo, as well as the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. An impressive array of onboard science experiments took place during most missions to further enhance space research in low Earth orbit.

Orbiter OV-104 Atlantis lands at Edwards Air Force Base

Starting with STS-71, Atlantis pioneered the Shuttle-Mir missions, flying the first seven missions to dock with the Russian space station. When linked, Atlantis and Mir together formed the largest spacecraft in orbit at the time. The missions to Mir included the first on-orbit U.S. crew exchanges, now a common occurrence on the International Space Station. On STS-79, the fourth docking mission, Atlantis ferried astronaut Shannon Lucid back to Earth after her record-setting 188 days in orbit aboard Mir.

In later years, Atlantis delivered several vital components to the International Space Station, including the U.S. laboratory module, Destiny, as well as the Joint Airlock Quest and multiple sections of the Integrated Truss structure that makes up the Station’s backbone. Atlantis flew its last mission in July 2011 and was the last orbiter to fly into space. Its permanent home is at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Construction Milestones - OV-104

- Jan. 29, 1979 Contract Award

- March 30, 1980 Start structural assembly of crew module

- Nov. 23, 1981 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage

- June 13, 1983 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman

- Dec. 2, 1983 Start of Final Assembly

- April 10, 1984 Completed final assembly

- March 6, 1985 Rollout from Palmdale

- April 3, 1985 Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards

- April 9, 1985 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center

- Sept. 5, 1985 Flight Readiness Firing

- Oct. 3, 1985 First Flight (STS-51-J)

Upgrades and Features

By early 2005, Atlantis had undergone two overhauls known as Orbiter Maintenance Down Periods. Some of the most significant upgrades and new features included:

- Installation of the drag chute

- New plumbing lines and electrical connections configuring the orbiter for extended duration missions

- New insulation for the main landing gear doors

- Improved nosewheel steering

- Preparations for the Mir Orbiter Docking System unit later installed at Kennedy

- Installation of the International Space Station airlock and Orbiter Docking System

- Installation of the Multifunction Electronic Display System, or “glass cockpit”

Challenger (OV-099)

First called STA-099, Challenger was built to serve as a test vehicle for the Space Shuttle program. But despite its Earth-bound beginnings, STA-099 was destined for space.

Orbiter OV-099 Challenger in orbit with payload bay doors open and Canadarm deployed

In the late 1970s, NASA strived for a lighter weight orbiter, but a test vehicle was needed to ensure the lighter airframe could handle the stress of space flight. Computer software at the time wasn’t yet advanced enough to accurately predict how STA-099’s new, optimized design would respond to intense heat and stress. The best solution was to submit the vehicle to a year of intensive vibration and thermal testing.

In early 1979, NASA awarded Space Shuttle orbiter manufacturer Rockwell a contract to convert STA-099 to a space-rated orbiter, OV-099. The vehicle’s conversion began late that year. Although the job was easier than it would have been to convert NASA’s first orbiter, Enterprise, it was a major process that involved the disassembly and replacement of many parts and components.

The second orbiter to join NASA’s Space Shuttle fleet, OV-099 arrived at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida in July 1982, bearing the name “Challenger.”

Space Shuttle orbiter Challenger was named after the British Naval research vessel HMS Challenger that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870s. The Apollo 17 lunar module also carried the name of Challenger. Like its historic predecessors, Challenger and her crews made significant scientific contributions in the spirit of exploration.

Challenger launched on her maiden voyage, STS-6, on April 4, 1983. That mission saw the first spacewalk of the Space Shuttle program, as well as the deployment of the first satellite in the Tracking and Data Relay System constellation. The orbiter launched the first American woman, Sally Ride, into space on mission STS-7 and was the first to carry two U.S. female astronauts on mission STS 41-G.

The first orbiter to launch and land at night on mission STS-8, Challenger also made the first Space Shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center, concluding mission STS 41-B. Spacelabs 2 and 3 flew aboard the ship on missions STS 51-F and STS 51-B, as did the first German-dedicated Spacelab on STS 61-A. A host of scientific experiments and satellite deployments were performed during Challenger’s missions.

Challenger’s service to America’s Space Program ended in tragedy on Jan. 28, 1986. Just 73 seconds into mission STS 51-L, a booster failure caused an explosion that resulted in the loss of seven astronauts, as well as the vehicle.

The loss of Challenger does not overshadow her legacy in NASA’s storied history. The discoveries made on her many successful missions continue to better mankind in space flight and in life on Earth.

Construction Milestones - STA-099

- July 26, 1972 Contract Award

- Nov. 21, 1975 Start structural assembly of crew module

- June 14, 1976 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage

- March 16, 1977 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman

- Sept. 30, 1977 Start of Final Assembly

- Feb. 10, 1978 Completed final assembly

- Feb. 14, 1978 Rollout from Palmdale

Construction Milestones - OV-099

- Jan. 1, 1979 Contract Award

- Jan. 28, 1979 Start structural assembly of crew module

- June 14, 1976 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage

- March 16, 1977 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman

- Nov. 3, 1980 Start of Final Assembly

- Oct. 21, 1981 Completed final assembly

- June 30, 1982 Rollout from Palmdale

- July 1, 1982 Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards

- July 5, 1982 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center

- Dec. 19, 1982 Flight Readiness Firing

- April 4, 1983 First Flight (STS-6)

Orbiter OV-102 Columbia lands at the Kennedy Space Centre

Columbia (OV-102)

Columbia lifts off from the launch pad for the very first time. On April 12, 1981, a bright white Columbia roared into a deep blue sky as the nation’s first reusable Space Shuttle. Named after the first American ocean vessel to circle the globe and the command module for the Apollo 11 Moon landing, Columbia continued this heritage of intrepid exploration. The heaviest of NASA’s orbiters, Columbia weighed too much and lacked the necessary equipment to assist with assembly of the International Space Station. Despite its limitations, the orbiter’s legacy is one of groundbreaking scientific research and notable “firsts” in space flight.

Space Shuttle mission STS-9, launched in late November 1983, was the maiden flight for Spacelab. Designed to be a space-based science lab, Spacelab was installed inside the orbiter’s cargo bay. Spacelab featured an enclosed crew work module connected to an outside payload pallet, which could be mounted with various instruments and experiments. From inside the lab, astronauts worked with the experiments on the pallet and within the crew module itself. The lab would go on to fly aboard the rest of the fleet, playing host throughout its accomplished lifetime to unprecedented research in astronomy, biology and other sciences. Spacelab ultimately finished where its career began; its 16th and final mission was hoisted into space aboard Columbia in 1998.

In addition to Columbia’s STS-1 flight and Spacelab, the orbiter was also the stage for many other remarkable firsts. Germany’s Dr. Ulf Merbold became the first European Space Agency astronaut when he flew aboard 1983’s STS-9. The Japanese Space Agency and STS-65’s Chiaki Mukai entered history as the first Japanese woman to fly in space in 1994. In a display of national pride, the crew of STS-73 even “threw” the ceremonial first pitch for game five of the 1995 baseball World Series, marking the first time the pitcher was not only outside of the stadium, but out of this world.

Perhaps Columbia’s crowning achievement was the deployment of the gleaming Chandra X-ray Observatory in July 1999. Carried into space inside the orbiter’s payload bay, the slender and elegant Chandra telescope was released on July 23. Still in flight today, the X-ray telescope specializes in viewing deep space objects and finding the answers to astronomy’s most fundamental questions.

Columbia and its crew were tragically lost during STS-107 in 2003. As the Space Shuttle lifted off from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on January 16, a small portion of foam broke away from the orange external fuel tank and struck the orbiter’s left wing. The resulting damage created a hole in the wing’s leading edge, which caused the vehicle to break apart during reentry to Earth’s atmosphere on February 1.

Upgrades and Features

Columbia is commonly referred to as OV-102, for Orbiter Vehicle-102. The orbiter weighed 178,000 pounds with its main engines installed.

Columbia was the first orbiter to undergo the scheduled inspection and retrofit program. In 1991, Columbia returned to its birthplace at Rockwell International’s Palmdale, Calif., assembly plant. The spacecraft underwent approximately 50 upgrades there, including the addition of carbon brakes and a drag chute, improved nose wheel steering, removal of instrumentation used during the test phase of the orbiter, and an enhancement of its Thermal Protection System. The orbiter returned to Florida in February 1992 to begin processing for mission STS-50, launching in June of that year.

In 1994, Columbia was transported back to Palmdale for its first major tear-down and overhaul, known as the Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP). This overhaul typically lasts one year or longer and leaves the vehicle in “like-new” condition.

Its second OMDP came in 1999, when workers performed more than 100 modifications on the vehicle. The orbiter’s most impressive upgrade likely was the installation of a state-of-the-art, Multi-functional Electronic Display System (MEDS), or “glass cockpit.” The MEDS replaced traditional instrument dials and gauges with small, computerized video screens. The new system improved crew interaction with the orbiter during flight and reduced maintenance costs by eliminating the outdated and tricky electromechanical displays.

Construction Milestones

- July 26, 1972 Contract Award

- March 25, 1975 Start long lead fabrication aft fuselage

- November 17, 1975 Start long-lead fabrication of crew module

- June 28, 1976 Start assembly of crew module

- September 13, 1976 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage

- December 13, 1976 Start assembly upper forward fuselage

- January 3, 1977 Start assembly vertical stabilizer

- August 26, 1977 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman

- October 28, 1977 Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale

- November 7, 1977 Start of Final Assembly

- February 24, 1978 Body flap on dock, Palmdale

- April 28, 1978 Forward payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale

- May 26,1978 Upper forward fuselage mate

- July 7, 1978 Complete mate forward and aft payload bay doors

- September 11, 1978 Complete forward RCS

- February 3, 1979 Complete combined systems test, Palmdale

- February 16, 1979 Airlock on dock, Palmdale

- March 5, 1979 Complete postcheckout

- March 8, 1979 Closeout inspection, Final Acceptance Palmdale

- March 8, 1979 Rollout from Palmdale to Dryden (38 miles)

- March 12, 1979 Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards

- March 20, 1979 SCA Ferry Flight from DFRF to Bigs AFB, Tx

- March 22, 1979 SCA Ferry flight from Bigs AFB to Kelly AFB, Tx

- March 24, 1979 SCA Ferry flight from Kelly AFB to Eglin AFB, FL

- March 24, 1979 SCA Ferry flight from Eglin, AFB to KSC

- November 3, 1979 Auxiliary Power Unit hot fire tests, OPF KSC

- December 16, 1979 Orbiter integrated test start, KSC

- January 14, 1980 Orbiter integrated test complete, KSC

- February 20, 1981 Flight Readiness Firing

- April 12, 1981 First Flight (STS-1)

Discovery (OV-103)

Discovery (OV-103) was NASA’s third space shuttle orbiter to join the fleet, arriving for the first time at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in November 1983.

After checkout and processing, it was launched on Aug. 30, 1984, for its first mission, STS-41-D, to deploy three communications satellites.

Orbiter OV-103 Discovery in transit from California to Florida on the NASA transporter plane

Since that inaugural flight, Discovery completed 38 successful missions, surpassing the number of flights made by any other orbiter in NASA’s fleet. Just like all of the orbiters, it had undergone some major modifications over the years. The most recent began in 2002 and was the first carried out at Kennedy. It provided 99 upgrades and 88 special tests, including new changes that made it safer for flight.

Discovery has the distinction of being chosen as the Return to Flight orbiter twice. The first was for STS-26 in 1988, and the second when it carried the STS-114  crew on NASA’s Return to Flight mission to the International Space Station in July 2005.

The choice of the name “Discovery” carried on a tradition drawn from some historic, Earth-bound exploring ships of the past. One of these sailing forerunners was the vessel used in the early 1600s by Henry Hudson to explore Hudson Bay and search for a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Another such ship was used by British explorer James Cook in the 1770s during his voyages in the South Pacific, leading to the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, two British Royal Geographical Society ships have carried the name “Discovery” as they sailed on expeditions to the North Pole and the Antarctic.

Destined for exploring the heavens instead of the seas, it was only fitting that NASA’s Discovery carried the Hubble Space Telescope into space during mission STS-31 in April 1990, and provided both the second and third Hubble servicing missions (STS-82 in February 1997 and STS-103 in December 1999).

During its many successful trips to space, Discovery has carried satellites aloft, ferried modules and crew to the International Space Station, and provided the setting for countless scientific experiments.

Construction Milestones

- January 29, 1979 Contract Award

- August 27, 1979 Start long lead fabrication of Crew Module

- June 20, 1980 Start fabrication lower fuselage

- November 10, 1980 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage

- December 8, 1980 Start initial system installation aft fuselage

- March 2, 1981 Start fabrication/assembly of payload bay doors

- October 26, 1981 Start initial system installation, crew module, Downey

- January 4, 1982 Start initial system installation upper forward fuselage

- March 16, 1982 Midfuselage on dock, Palmdale

- March 30, 1982 Elevons on dock, Palmdale

- April 30, 1982 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman

- April 30, 1982 Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale

- July 16, 1982 Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale

- August 5, 1982 Vertical stabilizer on dock, Palmdale

- September 3, 1982 Start of Final Assembly

- October 15, 1982 Body flap on dock, Palmdale

- January 11, 1983 Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale

- February 25, 1983 Final assembly and closeout installation, Palmdale

- February 28, 1983 Start initial subsystems test, power-on, Palmdale

- May 13, 1983 Complete initial subsystems testing

- July 26, 1983 Complete subsystems testing

- August 12, 1983 Completed Final Acceptance

- October 16, 1983 Rollout from Palmdale

- November 5, 1983 Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards

- November 9, 1983 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center

- June 2, 1984 Flight Readiness Firing

- August 30, 1984 First Flight (STS-41-D)

Upgrades and Features

Discovery benefited from lessons learned in the construction and testing of Enterprise, Columbia and Challenger. At rollout, its weight was some 6,870 pounds less than Columbia.

Beginning in the fall of 1995, the orbiter underwent a nine-month Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP) in Palmdale California. The vehicle was outfitted with a 5th set of cryogenic tanks and an external airlock to support missions to the International Space Station. It returned to the Kennedy Space Center, riding piggy-back on a modified Boeing 747, in June 1996.

Following STS-105, Discovery became the first of the orbiter fleet to undergo Orbiter Major Modification (OMM) period at the Kennedy Space Center. Work began in September 2002, and along with the scheduled upgrades, additional safety modifications were added as part of the preparations for Return to Flight.

Endeavour (OV-105)

Authorized by Congress in August 1987 as a replacement for the Space Shuttle orbiter Challenger, Endeavour (OV-105) arrived at Kennedy Space Center’s Shuttle Landing Facility on May 7, 1991, piggy-backed on top of NASA’s new Space Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.

Space Shuttle Endeavour launch at Kennedy Space Center For the first time, an orbiter was named through a national competition involving students in elementary and secondary schools. They were asked to select a name based upon an exploratory or research sea vessel. In May 1989, President George Bush announced the winning name.

Orbiter OV-105 Endeavour leaving Edwards Air Force Base for Florida

Endeavour was named after a ship chartered to traverse the South Pacific in 1768 and captained by 18th century British explorer James Cook, an experienced seaman, navigator and amateur astronomer. He commanded a crew of 93 men, including 11 scientists and artists.

Cook’s main objective, tasked by the British Admiralty and the Royal Society, was to observe the Transit of Venus at Tahiti. This reading enabled astronomers to find the distance of the Sun from the Earth, which then could be used as a unit of measurement in calculating the parameters of the universe. Cook’s achievements on Endeavour were numerous, including the accurate charting of New Zealand and Australia and successfully navigating the Great Barrier Reef. Thousands of new plant specimens and animal species were observed and illustrated on this maiden voyage. Cook also established the usefulness of including scientists on voyages of exploration.

Space Shuttle Endeavour embodied similar experiences. Its first launch, the STS-49 mission, began with a flawless liftoff on May 7, 1992, beginning a journey filled with excitement, anticipation and many firsts.

One of Endeavour’s primary assignments was to capture INTELSAT VI, an orbiting, but not functioning, communications satellite, and replace its rocket motor. Unfortunately, the Space Shuttle wasn’t designed to retrieve the satellite, which created many repair challenges.

The project sparked public interest in the mission and NASA received a deluge of suggestions on possible ways for the crew to grab onto the satellite. It took three attempts to capture the satellite for repairs to be made. An unprecedented three-person spacewalk took place after the procedure was evaluated by the astronauts and ground team. Between rescue attempts, the STS-49 crew was busy with a variety of activities. They conducted medical tests assessing the human body’s performance in microgravity, and recorded footage for an educational video comparing Cook’s first voyage on Endeavour with the Space Shuttle orbiter’s maiden voyage.

Once the new motor was attached, it propelled the satellite into the correct orbit, providing a relay link for the equivalent of 120,000 two-way simultaneous telephone calls and three television channels. This was the first time four spacewalks were conducted on a Space Shuttle mission and one of them was the longest in space history, lasting more than eight hours.

The crew also took part in the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment. The research tested the production of protein crystals grown in microgravity. Because of Endeavour’s excellent performance, NASA decided to extend the flight two days to complete more mission objectives and allow the crew enough time to prepare for landing.

OV-105 became the first Space Shuttle orbiter to use a drag chute during a landing — only one of many technical improvements made to Endeavour.

Just as James Cook set the standard with his seafaring Endeavour voyage, the Space Shuttle Endeavour missions continued to uphold and surpass the standards set by its namesake, more than 200 years later.

Construction Milestones

- February 15, 1982 Start structural assembly of Crew Module

- July 31, 1987 Contract Award

- September 28, 1987 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage

- December 22, 1987 Wings arrive at Palmdale, Calif. from Grumman

- August 1, 1987 Start of Final Assembly

- July 6, 1990 Completed final assembly

- April 25, 1991 Rollout from Palmdale

- May 7, 1991 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center

- April 6, 1992 Flight Readiness Firing

- May 7, 1992 First Flight (STS-49)

Upgrades and Features

Spare parts from the construction of Discovery (OV-103) and Atlantis (OV-104), manufactured to facilitate the repair of an orbiter if needed, were eventually used to build OV-105.

Endeavour also featured new hardware, designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into the other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs.

Endeavour’s upgrades included:

- A 40-foot-diameter drag chute that reduced the orbiter’s rollout distance by 1,000 to 2,000 feet.

- An updated avionics system that included advanced general purpose computers, improved inertial measurement units and tactical air navigation systems, enhanced master events controllers and multiplexer-demultiplexers, a solid-state star tracker.

- Improved nose wheel steering mechanisms.

- An improved version of the Auxiliary Power Units that provided power to operate the Space Shuttle’s hydraulic systems.

- Installation of an external airlock, making Endeavour capable of docking with the International Space Station.

- Originally equipped as the first extended duration orbiter, later removed during OMDP to save weight for ISS missions.

- Installation of a ground cooling hookup to allow payload bay to cool the mini-pressurized logistics module (MPLM).

- General weight-reduction program to maximize the payload capability to the ISS.

- Doublers added to several wing spars to allow heavier payloads and two wing glove truss tubes were replaced with units having increased wall thickness.

- Approximately 100 modifications made to Endeavour during its first Orbiter Major Modification period (OMDP).

Space Shuttle Endeavour underwent OMDP, which began in December 2003. Engineers and technicians spent thousands of hours performing 124 modifications to the vehicle. These included recommended return to flight safety modifications, bonding more than 1,000 thermal protection system tiles and inspecting more than 150 miles of wiring.

Two of the more extensive modifications included the addition of the multi-functional electronic display system (glass cockpit), and the three-string global positioning system.

The glass cockpit was a new, full-color, flat-panel display system that improved interaction between the crew and orbiter. It provided easy-to-read graphics portraying key flight indicators like attitude display and mach speed. Endeavour was the last vehicle in the fleet to receive this system.

The three-string global positioning system would improve the shuttle’s landing capability. It allowed Endeavour to make a landing at any runway long enough to handle the shuttle. The previous system only allowed for landings at military bases. Shuttle major modification periods were scheduled at regular intervals to enhance safety and performance, infuse new technology and allow thorough inspections of the airframe and wiring. This was the second of modification period performed entirely at Kennedy. Endeavour’s previous modification was completed in March 1997.

SPACEHAB - Research Laboratory

The SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory was located in the forward end of the Shuttle orbiter cargo bay and was accessed from the orbiter middeck through a tunnel adapter connected to the airlock. SPACEHAB weighed 9,628 pounds, is 9.2 feet long, 11.2 feet high and 13.5 feet in diameter. It increased pressurized experiment space in the Shuttle orbiter by 1100 cubic feet, quadrupling the working and storage volume available. Environmental control of the laboratory's interior maintained ambient temperatures between 65 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit.

The laboratory had a total payload capacity of 3000 pounds and in addition to facilitating crew access, provided experiments with services such as power, temperature control and command/data functions. Other services, such as late access/early retrieval, also were available.

The SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory could provide various physical accommodations to users based on size, weight and other requirements. Experiments were commonly integrated into the laboratory in Shuttle middeck- type lockers or SPACEHAB racks. The laboratory could accommodate up to 61 lockers, with each locker providing a maximum capacity of 60 pounds and 2.0 cubic feet of volume.

The laboratory also could accommodate up to two SPACEHAB racks, either of which cpi;d be a "double-rack" or "single-rack" configuration, but each rack used reduced the number of usable locker locations by 10 lockers. A "double- rack" provided a maximum capacity of 1250 pounds and 45 cubic feet of volume, whereas a "single-rack" provided half of that capacity. The "double-rack" was similar in size and design to the racks planned for use in the space station. The use of lockers or racks was not essential for integration into the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. Payloads also could be accommodated by directly mounting them on the laboratory.

SPACEHAB's Logistics Double Module was a 20-foot long, 14-foot wide, 11.2-foot high pressurized aluminum module carried in the shuttle payload bay and connected to the middeck area of the orbiter by an access tunnel. Designed to augment the Shuttle's middeck, the double module had a total cargo capacity of up to 10,000 pounds and contained the systems necessary to support the crewmembers, such as ventilation, lighting and limited power.

SPACEHAB's Integrated Cargo Carrier was 8 feet long, 15 feet wide and 10 inches thick. It had a capacity of up to 6,000 pounds of attached payload. Cargo could be attached to both the top and bottom of the pallet. The Integrated Cargo Carrier was a two-part structure consisting of a waffle-like aluminum box-beam pallet and keel-yoke assembly. It was installed in the cargo bay of the space shuttle orbiter, to expand the shuttle's capacity to transport unpressurized cargo.

The SPACEHAB RDM was approximately 20 feet long, 14 feet wide, and 11 feet high. Outfitted as a state-of-the-art laboratory, it had a pressurized volume of 2,200 cubic feet and could hold up to 61 space shuttle middeck lockers (up to 60 pounds and 2 cubic feet each) plus six Double Racks (1,400 pounds and 45 cubic feet each). The RDM also could accommodate International Space Station Payload Racks (ISPRs). The Module had two viewports and could carry powered rooftop payloads using feed-through plates in the module ceiling. The RDM, which had a payload capacity of 9,000 pounds, was carrying about 7,500 pounds of research payloads on STS-107.

SPACEHAB FLIGHTS

- STS-57 – Spacehab-1

- STS-60 – Spacehab-2

- STS-63 – Spacehab-3

- STS-76 – Spacehab/MIR

- STS-77 – Spacehab-4

- STS-79 – Spacehab/MIR

- STS-81 – Spacehab-6/MIR

- STS-84 – Spacehab-7/MIR

- STS-86 – Spacehab/MIR

- STS-89 – Spacehab-8/MIR

- STS-91 – Spacehab-9/MIR

- STS-95 – Spacehab

- STS-96 – Spacehab

- STS-101 – Spacehab

- STS-106 – Spacehab

- STS-107 – Spacehab RDM

- STS-116 – Spacehab/ICC

SPACELAB - Research Laboratory

Spacelab was a reusable, research laboratory facility. When carried in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle orbiter, it converted the Shuttle into a versatile, on orbit research center. Modular in design and construction, Spacelab consisted of several interchangeable components that could be assembled in different ways to meet the needs of a particular scientific research mission. Spacelab consisted of two major elements: a pressurized, habitable laboratory called a module, in which scientists could work without cumbersome space suits; and unpressurized platforms called pallets designed to support instruments such as telescopes, sensors and antennas which required direct exposure to space. These elements could be used separately or in various combinations, returned to earth, and reused on other flights.

The module came in two 4-meter (13.1-foot) diameter sections -- a core segment and an experiment segment. The core segment housed data processing equipment and utilities for the module and pallets when both were flown together. It also had laboratory fixtures such as air-cooled, standard 48.26-centimeter (19-inch) experiment racks, a work bench, and provision for accommodating a high-quality window/viewport assembly for optical experiments and photography.

The second section, called the experiment segment, provided further pressurized work area, space for additional experiment racks, and provision for mounting either the window assembly or a scientific airlock designed to enable the crew to expose experiments carried in the module to the space environment. The core segment could be flown by itself, in what was called the short module configuration, or coupled in tandem with the experiment segment in the long module configuration.

The short module measured 4.26 m (15.4 ft.) in length overall and consisted of the core segment and two cone-shaped end sections. The long module, including end cones, was 7 m (23 ft.) long. When the habitable module was flown, a 1-m (3.3-ft.) diameter enclosed passageway called the Spacelab Transfer Tunnel, connected the module with the mid-deck of the orbiter. The tunnel could be assembled in two lengths. A 2.7-m (8.7-ft.) tunnel could be used for missions during which the module was carried in the forward portion of the payload bay. A 5.8-m (18.8-ft.) tunnel could be used for missions on which the module was carried in the aft portion of the bay. Spacelab pallets were U-shaped aluminum frame and panel structures 4 m (13.1 ft.) wide and 3 m (10 ft.) long. Heavy equipment was mounted on the pallet frame using a series of connectors called hard points. Light weight equipment could be mounted directly onto the panels. As many as five Spacelab pallets could be flown in the cargo bay, individually or with two or three linked together to form trains. When pallets were flown without the module, the subsystems necessary for experiment operation were contained in a pressurized cylinder called an "igloo."

When no module was flown, payload specialists operated the experiments from the aft flight deck of the Shuttle orbiter. When the module was flown, the Spacelab subsystems were carried in the module.

SPACELAB FLIGHTS

- STS-9 Spacelab 1, Module (LM1) and Pallet

- STS-51-B Spacelab 3, Module (LM1)

- STS-51-F Spacelab 2, 3 Pallet configuration

- STS-61-A Spacelab D1, Module (LM2)

- STS-35 ASTRO-1,Pallet

- STS-40 SLS-1, Module (LM1)

- STS-42 IML-1, Module (LM2)

- STS-45 ATLAS-1, two Pallet configuration

- STS-50 USML-1, Module (LM1)

- STS-47 Spacelab-J, Module (LM2)

- STS-56 ATLAS-2, Pallet

- STS-55 Spacelab D2, Module (LM1)

- STS-58 SLS-2, Module (LM2)

- STS-59 SRL-1, Pallet

- STS-65 IML-2, Module (LM1)

- STS-68 SRL-2, Pallet

- STS-66 ATLAS-3, Pallet

- STS-67 ASTRO-2, Pallet

- STS-71 Spacelab-Mir, Module (LM2)

- STS-73 USML-2, Module (LM1)

- STS-78 LMS, Module (LM2)

- STS-83 MSL-1, Module (LM1)

- STS-94 MSL-1R, Module (LM1)

- STS-90 Neurolab, Module (LM2)

- STS-99 SRTM, Pallet

SPACE SHUTTLE ASTRONAUTS

- Acaba, Joseph——Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119

- Acton, Loren——Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F

- Adamson, James——Aug 2-11/91 -A-43, Aug 8-13/89 -Co-28

- Akers,Thomas——Sep 16-26/96 -A-79, Oct 6-10/90 -D-41, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61, May 7-16/92 -E-49

- Al Sa'ud, Sultan ——Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G

- Allen, Andrew——Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46, Mar 4-18/94 -Co-62, Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75

- Allen, Joseph——Nov 11-16/82 -Co-5, Nov 8-16/84 -D-51A

- Altman, Scott——Sep 8-20/00 -A-106, Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90, Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109, May 11-May 24/09 -A-125

- Anderson, Clayton——Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120, Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118, Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Anderson, Michael——Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107, Jan 22-31/98 -E-89

- Antonelli, Tony——Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119, May 14-May 26/10 -A-132

- Apt, Jerome——Apr 5-11/91 -A-37, Apr 9-20/94 -E-59, Sep 16-26/96 -A-79, Sep 12-20/92 -E-47

- Archambault, Lee——Jun 8-Jun 22/07 -A-117, Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119

- Arnold, Richard——Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119

- Ashby, Jeffrey——Jul 23-27/99 -Co-93, Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100, Oct 7-18/02 -A-112

- Bagian, James——Jun 5-14/91 -Co-40, Mar 13-18/89 -D-29

- Baker, Ellen——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, Oct 18-23/89 -A-34, Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50

- Baker, Michael——Aug 2-11/91 -A-43, Oct 22-Nov 1/92 -Co-52, Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, Sep 30-Oct 11/94 -E-68

- Barratt, Michael——Feb 24-Mar 9/11 -D-133

- Barry, Daniel——Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96, Jan 11-20/96 -E-72

- Bartoe, John-David——Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F

- Baudry, Patrick——Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G

- Behnken, Robert——Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123, Feb 8-Feb 21/10 -E-130

- Blaha, John——Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, Sep 16-26/96 -A-79, Mar 13-18/89 -D-29, Nov 22-27/89 -D-33, Aug 2-11/91 -A-43, Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58

- Bloomfield, Michael——Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Nov 30-Dec 11/00 -E-97, Apr 8-19/02 -A-110

- Bluford, Guion——Aug 30-Sep 5/83 -Ch-8, Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A, Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, Dec 2-9/92 -D-53

- Bobko, Karol——Apr 4-9/83 -Ch-6, Oct 3-7/85 -A-51J, Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D

- Boe, Eric——Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126, Feb 24-Mar 9/11 -D-133

- Bolden, Charles——Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C, Apr 24-29/90 -D-31, Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45, Feb 3-11/94 -D-60

- Bondar, Roberta——Jan 22-30/92 -D-42

- Bowen, Stephen——Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126, May 14-May 26/10 -A-132, Feb 24-Mar 9/11 -D-133

- Bowersox, Kenneth——Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61, Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82

- Brady, Charles——Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78

- Brand, Vance——Feb 3-11/84 -Ch-41B, Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35, Nov 11-16/82 -Co-5

- Brandenstein, Daniel——Aug 30-Sep 5/83 -Ch-8, Jan 9-20/90 -Co-32, Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G, May 7-16/92 -E-49

- Bresnik, Randy——Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129

- Bridges,Roy——Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F

- Brown,Curtis——Nov 3-14/94 -A-66, May 19-29/96 -E-77, Sep 12-20/92 -E-47, Aug 7-19/97 -D-85, Dec 19-27/99 -D-103, Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95

- Brown,David——Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107

- Brown,Mark——Aug 8-13/89 -Co-28, Sep 12-18/91 -D-48

- Buchli,James——Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A, Jan 24-27/85 -D-51C, Mar 13-18/89 -D-29, Sep 12-18/91 -D-48

- Buckey,Jay——Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90

- Budarin,Nikolai——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71

- Burbank,Daniel——Sep 8-20/00 -A-106, Sep 9-21/06 -A-115

- Bursch,Daniel——Sep 12-22/93 -D-51, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108, May 19-29/96 -E-77, Sep 30-Oct 11/94 -E-68

- Cabana,Robert——Dec 2-9/92 -D-53, Oct 6-10/90 -D-41, Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, Dec 4-15/98 -E-88

- Caldwell,Tracy——Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118

- Camarda,Charles——Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114

- Cameron,Kenneth——Apr 5-11/91 -A-37, Nov 12-20/95 -A-74, Apr 8-17/93 -D-56

- Carey, Duane——Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109

- Carter, Manley——Nov 22-27/89 -D-33

- Casper, John——Feb 28-Mar 44/90 -A-36, Mar 4-18/94 -Co-62, Jan 13-19/93 -E-54, May 19-29/96 -E-77

- Cassidy, Christopher——Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127

- Cenker, Robert——Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C

- Chamitoff, Greg——May 16-Jun 1/11 -E-134

- Chang-Diaz, Franklin——Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46, Oct 18-23/89 -A-34, Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75, Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C, Feb 3-11/94 -D-60, Jun 2-12/98 -D-91, Jun 5-19/02 -E-111

- Chawla, Kalpana——Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107, Nov 19-Dec 5/97 -Co-87

- Cheli, Maurizio——Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75

- Chiao, Leroy——Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, Oct 11-24/00 -D-92, Jan 11-20/96 -E-72

- Chilton, Kevin——Apr 9-20/94 -E-59, May 7-16/92 -E-49, Mar 22-31/96 -A-76

- Chretien, Jean-Loup——Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86

- Clark, Laurel——Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107

- Cleave, Mary——May 4-8/89 -A-30, Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B

- Clervoy, Jean-Francis——Nov 3-14/94 -A-66, May 15-24/97 -A-84, Dec 19-27/99 -D-103

- Clifford, Michael——Dec 2-9/92 -D-53, Mar 22-31/96 -A-76, Apr 9-20/94 -E-59

- Coats, Michael——Aug 30-Sep 5/84 -D-41D, Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, Mar 13-18/89 -D-29

- Cockrell, Kenneth——Apr 8-17/93 -D-56, Sep 7-18/95 -E-69, Feb 7-20/01 -A-98, Nov 19-Dec 7/96 -Co-80, Jun 5-19/02 -E-111

- Coleman, Catherine——Jul 23-27/99 -Co-93, Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73

- Collins, Eileen——May 15-24/97 -A-84, Feb 3-11/95 -D-63, Jul 23-27/99 -Co-93, Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114

- Covey, Richard——Aug 27-Sep 3/85 -D-51I, Sep 29-Oct 3/88 -D-26, Nov 15-20/90 -A-38, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61

- Creighton, John——Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G, Feb 28-Mar 44/90 -A-36, Sep 12-18/91 -D-48

- Crippen, Robert——Apr 12-14/81 -Co-1, Apr 6-13/84 -Ch-41C, Jun 18-24/83 -Ch-7, Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G

- Crouch,Roger——Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94

- Culbertson,Frank——Nov 15-20/90 -A-38, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108, Sep 12-22/93 -D-51

- Curbeam,Robert——Feb 7-20/01 -A-98, Aug 7-19/97 -D-85, Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116

- Currie,Nancy——Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109, Jul 13-22/95 -D-70, Dec 4-15/98 -E-88

- Davis,Jan——Aug 7-19/97 -D-85, Feb 3-11/94 -D-60, Sep 12-20/92 -E-47

- DeLucas,Lawrence——Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50

- Dezhurov,Vladimir——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108

- Doi,Takao——Nov 19-Dec 5/97 -Co-87, Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123

- Drew, Alvin——Feb 24-Mar 9/11 -D-133

- Duffy,Brian——Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45, Jun 21-Jul 1/93 -E-57, Oct 11-24/00 -D-92, Jan 11-20/96 -E-72

- Dunbar,Bonnie——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A, Jan 9-20/90 -Co-32, Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50, Jan 22-31/98 -E-89

- Duque,Pedro——Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95

- Durrance,Samuel——Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35, Mar 2-18/95 -E-67

- Dutton, James——Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Edwards,Joe Frank——Jan 22-31/98 -E-89

- England,Anthony——Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F

- Engle,Joe——Nov 12-14/81 -Co-2, Aug 27-Sep 3/85 -D-51I (also 2x free-flights on Enterprise on Sep 13-Oct 12 1977)

- Fabian,John——Jun 18-24/83 -Ch-7, Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G

- Favier,Jean-Jacques——Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78

- Ferguson,Christopher——Sep 9-21/06 -A-115, Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126, Jul 8(?)-Jul 20(?)/11 A-135

- Fettman,Martin——Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58

- Feustel, Andrew——May 11-May 24/09 -A-125, May 16-Jun 1/11 -E-134

- Fincke, Michael——May 16-Jun 1/11 -E-134

- Fisher,Anna——Nov 8-16/84 -D-51A

- Fisher,William——Aug 27-Sep 3/85 -D-51I

- Foale,Michael——Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45, May 15-24/97 -A-84, Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Apr 8-17/93 -D-56, Dec 19-27/99 -D-103, Feb 3-11/95 -D-63

- Ford, Kevin——Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128

- Foreman,Mike——Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120, Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123, Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129

- Forrester,Patrick——Jun 8-Jun 22/07 -A-117, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128

- Fossum,Michael——Jul 4-17/06 -D-121, May 31-Jun 14/08 -D-124

- Frick,Stephen——Apr 8-19/02 -A-110, Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122

- Frimout,Dirk——Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45

- Fuglesang,Christer——Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116, Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128

- Fullerton,Gordon——Mar 22-30/82 -Co-3, Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F (also 3X free-flights on Enterprise Aug 12-Sep 23 & Oct 26 1977)

- Furrer,Reinhard——Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A

- Gaffney,Drew——Jun 5-14/91 -Co-40

- Garan, Ronald——May 31-Jun 14/08 -D-124

- Gardner,Dale——Aug 30-Sep 5/83 -Ch-8, Nov 8-16/84 -D-51A

- Gardner,Guy——Dec 2-6/88 -A-27, Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35

- Garn,Jake——Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D

- Garneau,Marc——Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G, May 19-29/96 -E-77, Nov 30-Dec 11/00 -E-97

- Garriott,Owen——Nov 28-Dec 8/83 -Co-9

- Gemar,Charles——Nov 15-20/90 -A-38, Mar 4-18/94 -Co-62, Sep 12-18/91 -D-48

- Gernhardt,Michael——Jul 12-24/01 -A-104, Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94, Sep 7-18/95 -E-69

- Gibson,Robert——Feb 3-11/84 -Ch-41B, Dec 2-6/88 -A-27, Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C, Sep 12-20/92 -E-47

- Gidzenko,Yuri——Mar 8-21/01 -D-102

- Glenn,John——Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95

- Godwin,Linda——Apr 5-11/91 -A-37, Mar 22-31/96 -A-76, Apr 9-20/94 -E-59, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108

- Good, Michael——May 11-May 24/09 -A-125, May 14-May 26/10 -A-132

- Gorie,Dominic——Jun 2-12/98 -D-91, Feb 11-22/00 -E-99, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108, Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123

- Grabe,Ronald——May 4-8/89 -A-30, Oct 3-7/85 -A-51J, Jan 22-30/92 -D-42, June 21-Jul 1/93 -E-57

- Gregory,Frederick——Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B, Nov 24-Dec 1/91 -A-44, Nov 22-27/89 -D-33

- Gregory,William——Mar 2-18/95 -E-67

- Griggs,David——Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D

- Grunsfeld,John——Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109, Dec 19-27/99 -D-103, Mar 2-18/95 -E-67, May 11-May 24/09 -A-125

- Guidoni,Umberto——Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75, Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100

- Gutierrez,Sidney——Jun 5-14/91 -Co-40, Apr 9-20/94 -E-59

- Hadfield,Chris——Nov 12-20/95 -A-74, Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100

- Haise, Fred——1st, 3rd and 5th free-flight of Enterprise on Aug 12-Sep 23 & Oct 26 1977)

- Halsell,James——Nov 12-20/95 -A-74, Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, May 19-29/00 -A-101, Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94

- Ham, Kenneth——May 31-Jun 14/08 -D-124, May 14-May 26/10 -A-132

- Hammond,Blaine——Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, Sep 9-20/94 -D-64

- Harbaugh,Gregory——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82, Jan 13-19/93 -E-54

- Harris,Bernard——Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55, Feb 3-11/95 -D-63

- Hart,Terry——Apr 6-13/84 -Ch-41C

- Hartsfield,Henry——Jun 27-Jul 4/82 -Co-4, Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A, Aug 30-Sep 5/84 -D-41D

- Hauck,Frederick——Jun 18-24/83 -Ch-7, Nov 8-16/84 -D-51A, Sep 29-Oct 3/88 -D-26

- Hawley,Steven——Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C, Jul 23-27/99 -Co-93, Apr 24-29/90 -D-31, Aug 30-Sep 5/84 -D-41D, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82

- Helms,Susan——May 19-29/00 -A-101, Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102, Sep 9-20/94 -D-64, Jan 13-19/93 -E-54

- Henize,Karl——Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F

- Hennen,Thomas——Nov 24-Dec 1/91 -A-44

- Henricks,Terrence——Nov 24-Dec 1/91 -A-44, Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55, Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78, Jul 13-22/95 -D-70

- Hernandez, José——Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128

- Herrington,John——Nov 23-Dec 7/02 -E-113

- Hieb,Richard——Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, May 7-16/92 -E-49

- Higginbotham,Joan——Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116

- Hilmers,David——Oct 3-7/85 -A-51J, Feb 28-Mar 44/90 -A-36, Jan 22-30/92 -D-42, Sep 29-Oct 3/88 -D-26

- Hire,Kathryn——Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90, Feb 8-Feb 21/10 -E-130

- Hobaugh,Charles——Jul 12-24/01 -A-104, Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118, Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129

- Hoffman,Jeffrey——Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46, Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35, Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75, Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61

- Horowitz,Scott——May 19-29/00 -A-101, Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105

- Hoshide, Akihiko——May 31-Jun 14/08 -D-124

- Hughes-Fulford,Millie——Jun 5-14/91 -Co-40

- Hurley, Doug——Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127, Jul 8(?)-Jul 20(?)/11 A-135

- Husband,Rick——May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96, Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107

- Ivins,Marsha——Feb 7-20/01 -A-98, Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46, Jan 9-20/90 -Co-32, Mar 4-18/94 -Co-62

- Jarvis,Gregory——Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L

- Jemison,Mae——Sep 12-20/92 -E-47

- Jernigan,Tamara——Nov 19-Dec 7/96 -Co-80, Oct 22-Nov 1/92 -Co-52, May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96, Mar 2-18/95 -E-67

- Jett,Brent——Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, Jan 11-20/96 -E-72, Sep 9-21/06 -A-115, Nov 30-Dec 11/00 -E-97

- Johnson, Gregory H.——Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123, May 16-Jun 1/11 -E-134

- Johnson, Gregory C.——May 11-May 24/09 -A-125,

- Jones,Thomas D,——Nov 19-Dec 7/96 -Co-80, Sep 30-Oct 11/94 -E-68, Feb 7-20/01 -A-98, Apr 9-20/94 -E-59

- Kadenyuk,Leonid——Nov 19-Dec 5/97 -Co-87

- Kavandi,Janet——Jul 12-24/01 -A-104, Jun 2-12/98 -D-91, Feb 11-22/00 -E-99

- Kelly,James——Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102

- Kelly,Mark——Jul 4-17/06 -D-121, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108, May 31-Jun 14/08 -D-124, May 16-Jun 1/11 -E-134

- Kelly,Scott——Dec 19-27/99 -D-103, Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118

- Kimbrough, Robert——Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126

- Kondakova,Elena——May 15-24/97 -A-84

- Kopra, Tim——Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127

- Kregel,Kevin——Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78, Jul 13-22/95 -D-70, Nov 19-Dec 5/97 -Co-87, Feb 11-22/00 -E-99

- Krikalev,Sergei——Feb 3-11/94 -D-60, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102, Dec 4-15/98 -E-88

- Lawrence,Wendy——Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114, Jun 2-12/98 -D-91, Mar 2-18/95 -E-67

- Lee,Mark——May 4-8/89 -A-30, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82, Sep 9-20/94 -D-64, Sep 12-20/92 -E-47

- Leestma,David——Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45, Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G, Aug 8-13/89 -Co-28

- Lenoir,William——Nov 11-16/82 -Co-5

- Leslie,Fred——Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73

- Lichtenberg,Byron——Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45, Nov 28-Dec 8/83 -Co-9

- Lind,Don Leslie——Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B

- Lindsey,Steven——Nov 19-Dec 5/97 -Co-87, Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95, Jul 12-24/01 -A-104, Jul 4-17/06 -D-121, Feb 24-Mar 9/11 -D-133

- Linenger,Jerry——Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, May 15-24/97 -A-84, Sep 9-20/94 -D-64

- Linnehan,Richard——Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90, Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78, Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109, Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123

- Linteris,Gregory——Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94

- Lockhart,Paul——Jun 5-19/02 -E-111, Nov 23-Dec 7/02 -E-113

- Lonchakov,Yuri——Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100

- Lopez-Alegria,Michael——Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73, Oct 11-24/00 -D-92, Nov 23-Dec 7/02 -E-113

- Lounge,John——Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35, Aug 27-Sep 3/85 -D-51I, Sep 29-Oct 3/88 -D-26

- Lousma,Jack——Mar 22-30/82 -Co-3

- Low,David——Aug 2-11/91 -A-43, Jan 9-20/90 -Co-32, June 21-Jul 1/93 -E-57

- Love, Stanley——Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122

- Lu,Edward——May 15-24/97 -A-84, Sep 8-20/00 -A-106

- Lucid,Shannon——Aug 2-11/91 -A-43, Mar 22-31/96 -A-76, Oct 18-23/89 -A-34, Sep 16-26/96 -A-79, Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58, Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G

- MacLean,Steven——Sep 9-21/06 -A-115, Oct 22-Nov 1/92 -Co-52

- Magnus,Sandra——Oct 7-18/02 -A-112, Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126, Jul 8(?)-Jul 20(?)/11 A-135

- Malenchenko,Yuri——Sep 8-20/00 -A-106

- Malerba,Franco——Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46

- Marshburn, Tom——Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127

- Massimino,Michael——Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109, May 11-May 24/09 -A-125

- Mastracchio,Richard——Sep 8-20/00 -A-106, Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118, Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Mattingly,Ken——Jun 27-Jul 4/82 -Co-4, Jan 24-27/85 -D-51C

- McArthur, Megan——May 11-May 24/09 -A-125

- McArthur,William——Nov 12-20/95 -A-74, Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58, Oct 11-24/00 -D-92

- McAuliffe,Christa——Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L

- McBride,Jon——Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G

- McCandless,Bruce——Feb 3-11/84 -Ch-41B, Apr 24-29/90 -D-31

- McCool,William——Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107

- McCulley,Michael——Oct 18-23/89 -A-34

- McMonagle,Donald——Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, Jan 13-19/93 -E-54, Nov 3-14/94 -A-66

- McNair,Ronald——Feb 3-11/84 -Ch-41B, Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L

- Meade,Carl——Nov 15-20/90 -A-38, Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50, Sep 9-20/94 -D-64

- Melnick,Bruce——Oct 6-10/90 -D-41, May 7-16/92 -E-49

- Melroy,Pamela——Oct 11-24/00 -D-92, Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120, Oct 7-18/02 -A-112

- Melvin, Leland—— Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122, Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129

- Merbold,Ulf——Nov 28-Dec 8/83 -Co-9, Jan 22-30/92 -D-42

- Messerschmid,Ernst——Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A

- Metcalf-Lindenburger, Dorothy——Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Mohri,Mamoru——Feb 11-22/00 -E-99, Sep 12-20/92 -E-47

- Morgan,Barbara——Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118

- Morin,Lee——Apr 8-19/02 -A-110

- Morukov,Boris——Sep 8-20/00 -A-106

- Mukai,Chiaki——Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95

- Mullane,Richard——Dec 2-6/88 -A-27, Feb 28-Mar 44/90 -A-36, Aug 30-Sep 5/84 -D-41D

- Musgrave,Story——Nov 24-Dec 1/91 -A-44, Apr 4-9/83 -Ch-6, Jul 29-Aug 6/85 -Ch-51F, Nov 19-Dec 7/96 -Co-80, Nov 22-27/89 -D-33, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61

- Nagel,Steven——Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A, Jun 17-24/85 -D-51G, Apr 5-11/91 -A-37, Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55

- Nelson,Bill——Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C

- Nelson,George——Apr 6-13/84 -Ch-41C, Jan 12-18/86 -Co-61C, Sep 29-Oct 3/88 -D-26

- Neri Vela,Rodolfo——Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B

- Nespoli,Paolo——Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120

- Newman,James——Mar 1-12/02 -Co-109, Sep 12-22/93 -D-51, Dec 4-15/98 -E-88, Sep 7-18/95 -E-69

- Nicollier,Claude——Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46, Feb 22-Mar 9/96 -Co-75, Dec 19-27/99 -D-103, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61

- Noguchi,Soichi——Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114

- Noriega,Carlos——May 15-24/97 -A-84, Nov 30-Dec 11/00 -E-97

- Nowak,Lisa——Jul 4-17/06 -D-121

- Nyberg, Karen——May 31-Jun 14/08 -D-124

- Ochoa,Ellen——Apr 8-19/02 -A-110, Nov 3-14/94 -A-66, Apr 8-17/93 -D-56, May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96

- Ockels,Wubbo——Oct 30-Nov 6/85 -Ch-61A

- O'Connor,Bryan——Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B, Jun 5-14/91 -Co-40

- Oefelein,William——Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116

- Olivas,John——Jun 8-Jun 22/07 -A-117, Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128

- Onizuka,Ellison——Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L, Jan 24-27/85 -D-51C

- Onufrienko,Yuri——Dec 5-17/01 -E-108

- Oswald,Stephen——Apr 8-17/93 -D-56, Jan 22-30/92 -D-42, Mar 2-18/95 -E-67

- Overmyer,Robert——Nov 11-16/82 -Co-5, Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B

- Pailes,William——Oct 3-7/85 -A-51J

- Parazynski,Scott——Nov 3-14/94 -A-66, Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120, Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95, Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100

- Parise,Ronald——Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35, Mar 2-18/95 -E-67

- Parker,Robert——Dec 2-10/90 -Co-35, Nov 28-Dec 8/83 -Co-9

- Patrick,Nicholas——Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116, Feb 8-Feb 21/10 -E-130

- Pawelczyk,James——Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90

- Payette,Julie——May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96, Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127

- Payton,Gary——Jan 24-27/85 -D-51C

- Perrin,Philippe——Jun 5-19/02 -E-111

- Peterson,Donald——Apr 4-9/83 -Ch-6

- Pettit, Donald——Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126

- Phillips,John——Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100, Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119

- Poindexter, Alan——Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122, Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Polansky,Mark——Feb 7-20/01 -A-98, Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116, Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127

- Precourt,Charles——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55, May 15-24/97 -A-84, Jun 2-12/98 -D-91

- Ramon,Ilan——Jan 16-Feb 1/03 -Co-107

- Readdy,William——Jan 22-30/92 -D-42, Sep 12-22/93 -D-51, Sep 16-26/96 -A-79

- Reightler,Kenneth——Feb 3-11/94 -D-60, Sep 12-18/91 -D-48

- Reilly,James——Jul 12-24/01 -A-104, Jun 8-Jun 22/07 -A-117, Jan 22-31/98 -E-89

- Reisman, Garrett——Mar 11-Mar 26-08 -E-123, May 14-May 26/10 -A-132

- Reiter,Thomas——Jul 4-17/06 -D-121

- Resnick,Judith——Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L, Aug 30-Sep 5/84 -D-41D

- Richards,Paul——Mar 8-21/01 -D-102

- Richards,Richard——Aug 8-13/89 -Co-28, Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50, Oct 6-10/90 -D-41, Sep 9-20/94 -D-64

- Ride,Sally——Jun 18-24/83 -Ch-7, Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G

- Robinson,Stephen——Aug 7-19/97 -D-85, Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114, Oct 29-Nov 7/98 -D-95, Feb 8-Feb 21/10 -E-130

- Rominger,Kent——Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73, Aug 7-19/97 -D-85, May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96, Apr 19-May 1/01 -E-100, Nov 19-Dec 7/96 -Co-80

- Ross,Jerry——Apr 5-11/91 -A-37, Apr 8-19/02 -A-110, Dec 2-6/88 -A-27, Nov 12-20/95 -A-74, Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B, Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55, Dec 4-15/98 -E-88

- Runco,Mario——Nov 24-Dec 1/91 -A-44, Jan 13-19/93 -E-54, May 19-29/96 -E-77

- Ryumin,Valeriy——Jun 2-12/98 -D-91

- Sacco,Albert——Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73

- Satcher, Robert——Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129

- Schlegel,Hans——Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55, Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122

- Scobee,Francis——Apr 6-13/84 -Ch-41C, Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L

- Scott,Winston——Nov 19-Dec 5/97 -Co-87, Jan 11-20/96 -E-72

- Scully-Power,Paul——Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G

- Searfoss,Richard——Mar 22-31/96 -A-76, Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58, Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90

- Seddon,Rhea——Jun 5-14/91 -Co-40, Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58, Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D

- Sega,Ronald——Mar 22-31/96 -A-76, Feb 3-11/94 -D-60

- Sellers,Piers——Oct 7-18/02 -A-112, Jul 4-17/06 -D-121, May 14-May 26/10 -A-132

- Sharipov,Salizhan——Jan 22-31/98 -E-89

- Shaw,Brewster——Nov 28-Dec 8/83 -Co-9, Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B, Aug 8-13/89 -Co-28

- Shepherd,William——Dec 2-6/88 -A-27, Oct 22-Nov 1/92 -Co-52, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102, Oct 6-10/90 -D-41

- Sherlock,Nancy——Jun 21-Jul 1/93 -E-57

- Shriver,Loren——Jan 24-27/85 -D-51C, Jul 31-Aug 8/92 -A-46, Apr 24-29/90 -D-31

- Smith,Michael——Jan 28/86 -Ch-51L

- Smith,Steven——Apr 8-19/02 -A-110, Dec 19-27/99 -D-103, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82, Sep 30-Oct 11/94 -E-68

- Solovyev,Anatoly——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71

- Spring,Sherwood——Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B

- Springer,Robert——Nov 15-20/90 -A-38, Mar 13-18/89 -D-29

- Stefanyshyn-Piper,Heide——Sep 9-21/06 -A-115, Nov 14-Nov 30/08 -E-126

- Stewart,Robert——Oct 3-7/85 -A-51J, Feb 3-11/84 -Ch-41B

- Still,Susan——Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94

- Stott, Nicole——Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128, Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129, Feb 24-Mar 9/11 -D-133

- Strekalov,Gennadiy——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71

- Sturckow,Frederick——Jun 8-Jun 22/07 -A-117, Dec 4-15/98 -E-88, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Aug 28-Sep 11/09 -D-128

- Sullivan,Kathryn——Mar 24-Apr 2/92 -A-45, Oct 5-13/84 -Ch-41G, Apr 24-29/90 -D-31

- Swanson,Steve——Jun 8-Jun 22/07 -A-117, Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119

- Tani,Daniel——Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108, Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122

- Tanner,Joseph——Nov 3-14/94 -A-66, Sep 9-21/06 -A-115, Feb 11-21/97 -D-82, Nov 30-Dec 11/00 -E-97

- Thagard,Norman——Jun 27-Jul 7/95 -A-71, May 4-8/89 -A-30, Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B, Jun 18-24/83 -Ch-7, Jan 22-30/92 -D-42

- Thiele,Gerhard——Feb 11-22/00 -E-99

- Thirsk,Robert Brent——Jun 20-Jul 7/96 -Co-78

- Thomas,Andrew——Jul 26-Aug 9/05 -D-114, Jun 2-12/98 -D-91, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102, Jan 22-31/98 -E-89, May 19-29/96 -E-77

- Thomas,Donald——Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94, Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, Jul 13-22/95 -D-70

- Thornton,Kathryn——Oct 20-Nov 5/95 -Co-73, Nov 22-27/89 -D-33, Dec 2-13/93 -E-61, May 7-16/92 -E-49

- Thornton,William——Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B, Aug 30-Sep 5/83 -Ch-8

- Thuot,Pierre——Feb 28-Mar 44/90 -A-36, Mar 4-18/94 -Co-62, May 7-16/92 -E-49

- Titov,Vladimir——Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Feb 3-11/95 -D-63

- Tognini,Michael——Jul 23-27/99 -Co-93

- Tokarev,Valery——May 27-Jun 6/99 -D-96

- Trinh,Eugen——Jun 25-Jul 9/92 -Co-50

- Truly,Richard——Nov 12-14/81 -Co-2, Aug 30-Sep 5/83 -Ch-8 (also 2x free-flights on Enterprise in Sep 13-Oct 12 1977)

- Tryggvason, Bjarni——Aug 7-19/97 -D-85

- Tyurin,Mikhail——Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108

- Usachev,Yuri——May 19-29/00 -A-101, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102

- van den Berg,Lodewijk——Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B

- van Hoften,James——Apr 6-13/84 -Ch-41C, Aug 27-Sep 3/85 -D-51I

- Veach,Charles——Apr 28-May 6/91 -D-39, Oct 22-Nov 1/92 -Co-52

- Virts, Terry——Feb 8-Feb 21/10 -E-130

- Vittori, Roberto——May 16-Jun 1/11 -E-134

- Voss,James——May 19-29/00 -A-101, Nov 24-Dec 1/91 -A-44, Aug 10-22/01 -D-105, Dec 2-9/92 -D-53, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102, Sep 7-18/95 -E-69

- Voss,Janice——Apr 4-8/97 -Co-83, Jul 1-17/97 -Co-94, Feb 3-11/95 -D-63, Feb 11-22/00 -E-99, June 21-Jul 1/93 -E-57

- Wakata,Koichi——Oct 11-24/00 -D-92, Jan 11-20/96 -E-72, Mar 15-Mar 28/09 -D-119

- Walheim,Rex——Apr 8-19/02 -A-110, Feb 7-Feb 20/08 -A-122, Jul 8(?)-Jul 20(?)/11 A-135

- Walker,Charles——Nov 26-Dec 3/85 -A-61B, Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D, Aug 30-Sep 5/84 -D-41D

- Walker,David——Nov 8-16/84 -D-51A, May 4-8/89 -A-30, Dec 2-9/92 -D-53, Sep 7-18/95 -E-69

- Walter,Ulrich——Apr 26-May 6/93 -Co-55

- Walz,Carl——Sep 16-26/96 -A-79, Jul 8-23/94 -Co-65, Sep 12-22/93 -D-51, Dec 5-17/01 -E-108

- Wang,Taylor——Apr 29-May 6/85 -Ch-51B

- Weber,Mary Ellen——May 19-29/00 -A-101, Jul 13-22/95 -D-70

- Weitz,Paul——Apr 4-9/83 -Ch-6

- Wetherbee,James——Jan 9-20/90 -Co-32, Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Oct 22-Nov 1/92 -Co-52, Feb 3-11/95 -D-63, Mar 8-21/01 -D-102, Nov 23-Dec 7/02 -E-113

- Wheelock,Doug——Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120

- Whitson,Peggy——Jun 5-19/02 -E-111, Nov 23-Dec 7/02 -E-113

- Wilcutt,Terrence——Sep 16-26/96 -A-79, Sep 30-Oct 11/94 -E-68, Sep 8-20/00 -A-106, Jan 22-31/98 -E-89

- Williams,Dave——Apr 17-May 3/98 -Co-90, Aug 8-Aug 21/07 -E-118

- Williams,Donald——Apr 12-19/85 -D-51D, Oct 18-23/89 -A-34

- Williams,Jeffrey——May 19-29/00 -A-101

- Williams,Sunita——Dec 9-Dec 22/06 -D-116

- Wilmore, Barry——Nov 16-Nov 27/09 -A-129

- Wilson,Stephanie——Jul 4-17/06 -D-121, Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Wisoff,Peter——Jan 12-22/97 -A-81, Oct 11-24/00 -D-92, Jun 21-Jul 1/93 -E-57, Sep 30-Oct 11/94 -E-68

- Wolf,David——Oct 7-18/02 -A-112, Sep 25-Oct 6/97 -A-86, Oct 18-Nov 1/93 -Co-58, Jan 22-31/98 -E-89, Jul 15-Jul 31/09 -E-127

- Yamazaki, Naoko——Apr 5-Apr 20/10 -D-131

- Young,John——Apr 12-14/81 -Co-1, Nov 28-Dec 8/83 -Co-9

- Yurchikhin,Fyodor——Oct 7-18/02 -A-112

- Zamka,George——Oct 23-Nov 7/07 -A-120, Feb 8-Feb 21/10 -E-130

MPLM FLIGHTS

- STS-102 – Leonardo

- STS-100 – Rafaello

- STS-105 – Leonardo

- STS-108 – Rafaello

- STS-111 – Leonardo

- STS-121– Leonardo

- STS-126 – Leonardo

- STS-128 – Leonardo

- STS-131 – Leonardo

- STS-133 – Leonardo PMM

- STS-135 – Rafaello

Multi-Purpose Logistics Module

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE FLIGHTS

- STS-31 - LAUNCH

- STS-61 - Corrective Optics

- STS-82 - Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and Near Infrared Camera and Spectrometer install

- STS-103 - Gyroscope replacements and Fine Guidance Sensor

- STS-109 - Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) install

- STS-125 - Data handling unit install, repair ACS and STIS, battery replacement, Wide Field Camera and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

SPACE SHUTTLE SATELLITE LAUNCHES 1982-2011

- ANIK-D2     STS-51A

- ACTS      STS-51

- ARABSAT-1B     STS-51G

- ASC-1      STS-51I

- AUSSAT-1     STS-51I

- AUSSAT-2     STS-61B

- BREMSAT     STS-60

- CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY      STS-93

- COMPTON GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY     STS-37

- CRISTA-SPAS     STS-66

- CRISTA-SPAS-2     STS-85

- DSP     STS-44

- ERBS     STS-41G

- EURECA-1     STS-46

- GALILEO     STS-34

- GLOMR     STS-51B

- HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE      STS-31

- INSAT 1B     STS-8

- LAGEOS II     STS-52

- LDEF     STS-41C

- MAGELLAN     STS-30

- MIGHTYSAT-1     STS-88

- MORELOS-A     STS-51G

- MORELOS-B     STS-61B

- NUSAT     STS-51B

- OAST     STS-72

- ORFEUS-SPAS-1     STS-51

- ORFEUS-SPAS-2     STS-80

- PALAPA-B1     STS-7

- PALAPA-B2     STS-41B

- PAMS     STS-77

- SAC-A     STS-88

- SATCOM-KU-1    STS-61C

- SATCOM-KU-2     STS-61B

- SBS-C      STS-5

- SBS-D     STS-41D

- SIMPLESAT     STS-105

- SPARTAN-201-02     STS-64

- SPARTAN-201-03     STS-69

- SPARTAN-201-04     STS-87

- SPARTAN-201-05     STS-95

- SPARTAN-204      STS-63

- SPARTAN-207     STS-77

- SPAS-1     STS-7

- STARSHINE     STS-96

- STARSHINE-2     STS-108

- SYNCOM-IV-1     STS-51A

- SYNCOM-IV-2     STS-41D

- SYNCOM-IV-3     STS-51D

- SYNCOM-IV-4     STS-51I

- SYNCOM-IV-5     STS-32

- TDRS-A     STS-6

- TDRS-C     STS-26

- TDRS-D     STS-29

- TDRS-E     STS-43

- TDRS-F     STS-54

- TDRS-G     STS-70

- TELESAT-E     STS-5

- TELESAT-F     STS-7

- TELESAT-I     STS-51D

- TELSTAR 3C     STS-41D

- TELSTAR 3D     STS-51G

- TSS-1     STS-46

- UARS     STS-48

- ULYSSES     STS-41

- WESTAR-6     STS-41B

- WSF     STS-80

MIR FLIGHTS

- STS-63

- STS-71

- STS-74

- STS-79

- STS-81

- STS-86

- STS-91

ISS FLIGHTS (1998-2011)

- STS-88 Unity Pressurized Mating Adapter

- STS-92 Z1 truss

- STS-97 P6 truss

- STS-98 Destiny US Laboratory

- STS-101 Construction & Maintenance

- STS-106 Construction & Maintenance

- STS-102 Construction & Maintenance

- STS-100 SSRMS

- STS-104 US Joint Airlock

- STS-105 Construction & Maintenance

- STS-108 Construction & Maintenance

- STS-110 S0 Truss

- STS-111 Mobile Remote

- STS-112 S1 truss

- STS-113 P1 truss

- STS-115 P3/P4 truss

- STS-121 Construction & Maintenance

- STS-116 P6 arrays

- STS-117 S3/S4 Truss arrays

- STS-118 S5 Truss

- STS-120 US Harmony Node 2

- STS-122 ESA Columbus Laboratory

- STS-123 JAXA Kibo Logistics Module, Dextre Robotic System

- STS-124 Kibo Pressurized Module, Japanese Remote Manipulator System

- STS-126 Maintenance (MPLM)

- STS-119 S6 Truss

- STS-127 Kibo Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM EF), Logistics Module - Exposed Section (ELM-ES)

- STS-128 Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier

- STS-129 EXPRESS Logistics Carriers 1 (ELC1) & 2 (ELC2)

- STS-130 Tranquility Node 3, Cupola

- STS-131 Maintenance

- STS-132 Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC), Mini Research Module (MRM1)

- STS-133 EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4 (ELC4), Permanent Multi- Purpose Module (PMM)

- STS-134 EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3 (ELC3), Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)

- STS-135 Maintenance (MPLM)

Space Shuttle Endeavour docked to the International Space Station. Shuttle crews spent a total of 234 days at ISS, and docked with the station 37 times.

Crews

- STS-1

- John Young (C)

- Robert Crippen

- Co Apr 12-14/81

- STS-2

- Joe Engle(C)

- Richard Truly

- Co Nov 12-14/81

- STS-3

- Jack Lousma (C)

- Gordon Fullerton

- Co Mar 22-30/82

- STS-4

- Ken Mattingly (C)

- Henry Hartsfield

- Co Jun 27-Jul 4/82

- STS-5

- Vance Brand (C)

- Robert Overmyer

- Joseph Allen

- William Lenoir

- Co Nov 11-16/82

- STS-6

- Paul Weitz (C)

- Karol Bobko

- Donald Peterson

- Story Musgrave

- Ch Apr 4-9/83

- STS-7

- Robert Crippen (C)

- Frederick Hauck

- Sally Ride

- John Fabian

- Norman Thagard

- Ch Jun 18-24/83

- STS-8

- Richard Truly (C)

- Daniel Brandenstein

- Guion Bluford

- Dale Gardner

- William Thornton

- Ch Aug 30-Sep 5/83

- STS-9

- John Young (C)

- Brewster Shaw

- Robert Parker

- Owen Garriott

- Byron Lichtenberg

- Ulf Merbold

- Co Nov 28-Dec 8/83

- STS-41B

- Vance Brand (C)

- Robert Gibson

- Bruce McCandless

- Robert Stewart

- Ronald McNair

- Ch Feb 3-11/84

- STS-41C

- Robert Crippen (C)

- Francis Scobee

- Terry Hart

- James van Hoften

- George Nelson

- Ch Apr 6-13/84

- STS-41D

- Henry Hartsfield (C)

- Michael Coats

- Richard Mullane

- Steven Hawley

- Judith Resnick

- Charles Walker

- D Aug 30-Sep 5/84

- STS-41G

- Robert Crippen (C)

- Jon McBride

- David Leestma

- Sally Ride

- Kathryn Sullivan

- Paul Scully-Power

- Marc Garneau

- Ch Oct 5-13/84

- STS-51A

- Frederick Hauck (C)

- David Walker

- Joseph Allen

- Anna Fisher

- Dale Gardner

- D Nov 8-16/84

- STS-51C

- Ken Mattingly (C)

- Loren Shriver

- Ellison Onizuka

- James Buchli

- Gary Payton

- D Jan 24-27/85

- STS-51D

- Karol Bobko (C)

- Donald Williams

- Jeffrey Hoffman

- David Griggs

- Rhea Seddon

- Charles Walker

- Jake Garn

- D Apr 12-19/85

- STS-51B

- Robert Overmyer (C)

- Frederick Gregory

- Don Leslie Lind

- Norman Thagard

- William Thornton

- Taylor Wang

- Lodewijk van den Berg

- Ch Apr 29-May 6/85

- STS-51G

- Daniel Brandenstein (C)

- John Creighton

- John Fabian

- Steven Nagel

- Shannon Lucid

- Patrick Baudry

- Sultan Al Sa'ud

- D Jun 17-24/85

- STS-51F

- Gordon Fullerton (C)

- Roy Bridges

- Story Musgrave

- Anthony England

- Karl Henize

- Loren Acton

- John-David Bartoe

- Ch Jul 29-Aug 6/85

- STS-51I

- Joe Engle (C)

- Richard Covey

- James van Hoften

- William Fisher

- John Lounge

- D Aug 27-Sep 3/85

- STS-51J

- Karol Bobko (C)

- Ronald Grabe

- David Hilmers

- Robert Stewart

- William Pailes

- A Oct 3-7/85

- STS-61A

- Henry Hartsfield (C)

- Steven Nagel

- James Buchli

- Guion Bluford

- Bonnie Dunbar

- Reinhard Furrer

- Wubbo Ockels

- Ernst Messerschmid

- Ch Oct 30-Nov 6/85

- STS-61B

- Brewster Shaw (C)

- Bryan O'Connor

- Sherwood Spring

- Mary Cleave

- Jerry Ross

- Charles Walker

- Rodolfo Neri Vela

- A Nov 26-Dec 3/85

- STS-61C

- Robert Gibson (C)

- Charles Bolden

- George Nelson

- Steven Hawley

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- Robert Cenker

- Bill Nelson

- Co Jan 12-18/86

- STS-51L

- Francis Scobee (C)

- Michael Smith

- Ellison Onizuka

- Judith Resnick

- Ronald McNair

- Gregory Jarvis

- Christa McAuliffe

- Ch Jan 28/86

- STS-26

- Frederick Hauck (C)

- Richard Covey

- John Lounge

- George Nelson

- David Hilmers

- D Sep 29-Oct 3/88

- STS-27

- Robert Gibson (C)

- Guy Gardner

- Richard Mullane

- Jerry Ross

- William Shepherd

- A Dec 2-6/88

- STS-29

- Michael Coats (C)

- John Blaha

- James Buchli

- Robert Springer

- James Bagian

- D Mar 13-18/89

- STS-30

- David Walker (C)

- Ronald Grabe

- Norman Thagard

- Mary Cleave

- Mark Lee

- A May 4-8/89

- STS-28

- Brewster Shaw (C)

- Richard Richards

- David Leestma

- James Adamson

- Mark Brown

- Co Aug 8-13/89

- STS-34

- Donald Williams (C)

- Michael McCulley

- Shannon Lucid

- Ellen Baker

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- A Oct 18-23/89

- STS-33

- Frederick Gregory (C)

- John Blaha

- Story Musgrave

- Kathryn Thornton

- Manley Carter

- D Nov 22-27/89

- STS-32

- Daniel Brandenstein (C)

- James Wetherbee

- Bonnie Dunbar

- David Low

- Marsha Ivins

- Co Jan 9-20/90

- STS-36

- John Creighton (C)

- John Casper

- David Hilmers

- Richard Mullane

- Pierre Thuot

- A Feb 28-Mar 44/90

- STS-31

- Loren Shriver (C)

- Charles Bolden

- Steven Hawley

- Bruce McCandless

- Kathryn Sullivan

- D Apr 24-29/90

- STS-41

- Richard Richards (C)

- Robert Cabana

- Bruce Melnick

- William Shepherd

- Thomas Akers

- D Oct 6-10/90

- STS-38

- Richard Covey (C)

- Frank Culbertson

- Robert Springer

- Carl Meade

- Charles Gemar

- A Nov 15-20/90

- STS-35

- Vance Brand (C)

- Guy Gardner

- Jeffrey Hoffman

- John Lounge

- Robert Parker

- Samuel Durrance

- Ronald Parise

- Co Dec 2-10/90

- STS-37

- Steven Nagel (C)

- Kenneth Cameron

- Jerry Ross

- Jerome Apt

- Linda Godwin

- A Apr 5-11/91

- STS-39

- Michael Coats (C)

- Blaine Hammond

- Gregory Harbaugh

- Donald McMonagle

- Guion Bluford

- Charles Veach

- Richard Hieb

- D Apr 28-May 6/91

- STS-40

- Bryan O'Connor (C)

- Sidney Gutierrez

- Rhea Seddon

- James Bagian

- Drew Gaffney

- Millie Hughes-Fulford

- Co Jun 5-14/91

- STS-43

- John Blaha (C)

- Michael Baker

- Shannon Lucid

- David Low

- James Adamson

- A Aug 2-11/91

- STS-48

- John Creighton (C)

- Kenneth Reightler

- James Buchli

- Mark Brown

- Charles Gemar

- D Sep 12-18/91

- STS-44

- Frederick Gregory (C)

- Terrence Henricks

- Story Musgrave

- Mario Runco

- James Voss

- Thomas Hennen

- A Nov 24-Dec 1/91

- STS-42

- Ronald Grabe (C)

- Stephen Oswald

- David Hilmers

- Norman Thagard

- William Readdy

- Ulf Merbold

- Roberta Bondar

- D Jan 22-30/92

- STS-45

- Charles Bolden (C)

- Brian Duffy

- Kathryn Sullivan

- David Leestma

- Michael Foale

- Dirk Frimout

- Byron Lichtenberg

- A Mar 24-Apr 2/92

- STS-49

- Daniel Brandenstein (C)

- Kevin Chilton

- Pierre Thuot

- Kathryn Thornton

- Richard Hieb

- Thomas Akers

- Bruce Melnick

- E May 7-16/92

- STS-50

- Richard Richards (C)

- Kenneth Bowersox

- Bonnie Dunbar

- Ellen Baker

- Carl Meade

- Lawrence DeLucas

- Eugen Trinh

- Co Jun 25-Jul 9/92

- STS-46

- Loren Shriver (C)

- Andrew Allen

- Jeffrey Hoffman

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- Claude Nicollier

- Marsha Ivins

- Franco Malerba

- A Jul 31-Aug 8/92

- STS-47

- Robert Gibson (C)

- Curtis Brown

- Mark Lee

- Jerome Apt

- Jan Davis

- Mae Jemison

- Mamoru Mohri

- E Sep 12-20/92

- STS-52

- James Wetherbee (C)

- Michael Baker

- William Shepherd

- Tamara Jernigan

- Charles Veach

- Steven MacLean

- Co Oct 22-Nov 1/92

- STS-53

- David Walker (C)

- Robert Cabana

- Guion Bluford

- James Voss

- Michael Clifford

- D Dec 2-9/92

- STS-54

- John Casper (C)

- Donald McMonagle

- Mario Runco

- Gregory Harbaugh

- Susan Helms

- E Jan 13-19/93

- STS-56

- Kenneth Cameron (C)

- Stephen Oswald

- Michael Foale

- Kenneth Cockrell

- Ellen Ochoa

- D Apr 8-17/93

- STS-55

- Steven Nagel (C)

- Terrence Henricks

- Jerry Ross

- Charles Precourt

- Bernard Harris

- Ulrich Walter

- Hans Schlegel

- Co Apr 26-May 6/93

- STS-57

- Ronald Grabe (C)

- Brian Duffy

- David Low

- Nancy Sherlock

- Peter Wisoff

- Janice Voss

- E Jun 21-Jul 1/93

- STS-51

- Frank Culbertson (C)

- William Readdy

- James Newman

- Daniel Bursch

- Carl Walz

- D Sep 12-22/93

- STS-58

- John Blaha (C)

- Richard Searfoss

- Rhea Seddon

- Shannon Lucid

- David Wolf

- William McArthur

- Martin Fettman

- Co Oct 18-Nov 1/93

- STS-61

- Richard Covey (C)

- Kenneth Bowersox

- Story Musgrave

- Thomas Akers

- Jeffrey Hoffman

- Kathryn Thornton

- Claude Nicollier

- E Dec 2-13/93

- STS-60

- Charles Bolden (C)

- Kenneth Reightler

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- Jan Davis

- Ronald Sega

- Sergei Krikalev

- D Feb 3-11/94

- STS-62

- John Casper (C)

- Andrew Allen

- Pierre Thuot

- Charles Gemar

- Marsha Ivins

- Co Mar 4-18/94

- STS-59

- Sidney Gutierrez (C)

- Kevin Chilton

- Linda Godwin

- Jay Apt

- Michael Clifford

- Thomas Jones

- E Apr 9-20/94

- STS-65

- Robert Cabana (C)

- James Halsell

- Richard Hieb

- Carl Walz

- Leroy Chiao

- Donald Thomas

- Chiaki Mukai

- Co Jul 8-23/94

- STS-64

- Richard Richards (C)

- Blaine Hammond

- Carl Meade

- Mark Lee

- Susan Helms

- Jerry Linenger

- D Sep 9-20/94

- STS-68

- Michael Baker (C)

- Terrence Wilcutt

- Thomas David Jones

- Steven Smith

- Peter Wisoff

- Daniel Bursch

- E Sep 30-Oct 11/94

- STS-66

- Donald McMonagle (C)

- Curtis Brown

- Ellen Ochoa

- Scott Parazynski

- Joseph Tanner

- Jean-Francis Clervoy

- A Nov 3-14/94

- STS-63

- James Wetherbee (C)

- Eileen Collins

- Michael Foale

- Janice Voss

- Bernard Harris

- Vladimir Titov

- D Feb 3-11/95

- STS-67

- Stephen Oswald (C)

- William Gregory

- Tamara Jernigan

- John Grunsfeld

- Wendy Lawrence

- Ronald Parise

- Samuel Durrance

- E Mar 2-18/95

- STS-71

- Robert Gibson (C)

- Charles Precourt

- Ellen Baker

- Gregory Harbaugh

- Bonnie Dunbar

- Anatoly Solovyev

- Nikolai Budarin

- Vladimir Dezhurov

- Gennadiy Strekalov

- Norman Thagard

- A Jun 27-Jul 7/95

- STS-70

- Terrence Henricks (C)

- Kevin Kregel

- Nancy Currie

- Donald Thomas

- Mary Ellen Weber

- D Jul 13-22/95

- STS-69

- David Walker (C)

- Kenneth Cockrell

- James Voss

- James Newman

- Michael Gernhardt

- E Sep 7-18/95

- STS-73

- Kenneth Bowersox (C)

- Kent Rominger

- Kathryn Thornton

- Catherine Coleman

- Michael Lopez-Alegria

- Fred Leslie

- Albert Sacco

- Co Oct 20-Nov 5/95

- STS-74

- Kenneth Cameron (C)

- James Halsell

- Chris Hadfield

- Jerry Ross

- William McArthur

- A Nov 12-20/95

- STS-72

- Brian Duffy (C)

- Brent Jett

- Leroy Chiao

- Winston Scott

- Koichi Wakata

- Daniel Barry

- E Jan 11-20/96

- STS-75

- Andrew Allen (C)

- Scott Horowitz

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- Jeffrey Hoffman

- Maurizio Cheli

- Claude Nicollier

- Umberto Guidoni

- Co Feb 22-Mar 9/96

- STS-76

- Kevin Chilton (C)

- Richard Searfoss

- Shannon Lucid

- Linda Godwin

- Michael Clifford

- Ronald Sega

- A Mar 22-31/96

- STS-77

- John Casper (C)

- Curtis Brown

- Daniel Bursch

- Andrew Thomas

- Marc Garneau

- Mario Runco

- E May 19-29/96

- STS-78

- Terrence Henricks (C)

- Kevin Kregel

- Susan Helms

- Richard Linnehan

- Charles Brady

- Jean-Jacques Favier

- Robert Brent Thirsk

- Co Jun 20-Jul 7/96

- STS-79

- William Readdy (C)

- Terrence Wilcutt

- Thomas Akers

- Jerome Apt

- Carl Walz

- John Blaha

- Shannon Lucid

- A Sep 16-26/96

- STS-80

- Kenneth Cockrell (C)

- Kent Rominger

- Tamara Jernigan

- Thomas David Jones

- Story Musgrave

- Co Nov 19-Dec 7/96

- STS-81

- Michael Baker (C)

- Brent Jett

- John Grunsfeld

- Marsha Ivins

- Peter Wisoff

- Jerry Linenger

- John Blaha

- A Jan 12-22/97

- STS-82

- Kenneth Bowersox (C)

- Scott Horowitz

- Mark Lee

- Gregory Harbaugh

- Steven Smith

- Joseph Tanner

- Steven Hawley

- D Feb 11-21/97

- STS-83

- James Halsell (C)

- Susan Still

- Janice Voss

- Donald Thomas

- Michael Gernhardt

- Roger Crouch

- Gregory Linteris

- Co Apr 4-8/97

- STS-84

- Charles Precourt (C)

- Eileen Collins

- Jerry Linenger

- Michael Foale

- Elena Kondakova

- Carlos Noriega

- Edward Lu

- Jean-Francis Clervoy

- A May 15-24/97

- STS-94

- James Halsell (C)

- Susan Still

- Janice Voss

- Donald Thomas

- Michael Gernhardt

- Roger Crouch

- Gregory Linteris

- Co Jul 1-17/97

- STS-85

- Curtis Brown (C)

- Kent Rominger

- Jan Davis

- Robert Curbeam

- Stephen Robinson

- Bjarni Tryggvason

- D Aug 7-19/97

- STS-86

- James Wetherbee (C)

- Michael Bloomfield

- Vladimir Titov

- Scott Parazynski

- Jean-Loup Chretien

- Wendy Lawrence

- David Wolf

- Michael Foale

- A Sep 25-Oct 6/97

- STS-87

- Kevin Kregel (C)

- Steven Lindsey

- Kalpana Chawla

- Winston Scott

- Takao Doi

- Leonid Kadenyuk

- Co Nov 19-Dec 5/97

- STS-89

- Terrence Wilcutt (C)

- Joe Frank Edwards

- James Reilly

- Michael Anderson

- Bonnie Dunbar

- Salizhan Sharipov

- Andrew Thomas

- David Wolf

- E Jan 22-31/98

- STS-90

- Richard Searfoss (C)

- Scott Altman

- Kathryn Hire

- Richard Linnehan

- Dave Williams

- Jay Buckey

- James Pawelczyk

- Co Apr 17-May 3/98

- STS-91

- Charles Precourt (C)

- Dominic Gorie

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- Wendy Lawrence

- Janet Kavandi

- Valeriy Ryumin

- Andrew Thomas

- D Jun 2-12/98

- STS-95

- Curtis Brown (C)

- Steven Lindsey

- Scott Parazynski

- Stephen Robinson

- Pedro Duque

- Chiaki Mukai

- John Glenn

- D Oct 29-Nov 7/98

STS-88

Robert Cabana (C)

Frederick Sturckow

Nancy Currie

Jerry Ross

James Newman

Sergei Krikalev

E Dec 4-15/98

- STS-96

- Kent Rominger (C)

- Rick Husband

- Ellen Ochoa

- Tamara Jernigan

- Daniel Barry

- Julie Payette

- Valery Tokarev

- D May 27-Jun 6/99

- STS-93

- Eileen Collins (C)

- Jeffrey Ashby

- Steven Hawley

- Catherine Coleman

- Michael Tognini

- Co Jul 23-27/99

- STS-103

- Curtis Brown (C)

- Scott Kelly

- Jean-Francis Clervoy

- Steven Smith

- Michael Foale

- John Grunsfeld

- Claude Nicollier

- D Dec 19-27/99

- STS-99

- Kevin Kregel (C)

- Dominic Gorie

- Gerhard Thiele

- Janet Kavandi

- Janice Voss

- Mamoru Mohri

- E Feb 11-22/00

- STS-101

- James Halsell (C)

- Scott Horowitz

- Mary Ellen Weber

- Jeffrey Williams

- James Voss

- Susan Helms

- Yuri Usachev

- A May 19-29/00

- STS-106

- Terrence Wilcutt (C)

- Scott Altman

- Edward Lu

- Richard Mastracchio

- Daniel Burbank

- Yuri Malenchenko

- Boris Morukov

- A Sep 8-20/00

- STS-92

- Brian Duffy (C)

- Pamela Melroy

- Koichi Wakata

- Peter Wisoff

- Leroy Chiao

- William McArthur

- Michael Lopez-Alegria

- D Oct 11-24/00

- STS-97

- Brent Jett (C)

- Michael Bloomfield

- Marc Garneau

- Joseph Tanner

- Carlos Noriega

- E Nov 30-Dec 11/00

- STS-98

- Kenneth Cockrell (C)

- Mark Polansky

- Marsha Ivins

- Thomas Jones

- Robert Curbeam

- A Feb 7-20/01

- STS-102

- James Wetherbee (C)

- James Kelly

- Andrew Thomas

- Paul Richards

- James Voss

- Susan Helms

- Yuri Usachev

- William Shepherd

- Yuri Gidzenko

- Sergei Krikalev

- D Mar 8-21/01

- STS-100

- Kent Rominger (C)

- Jeffrey Ashby

- Chris Hadfield

- John Phillips

- Scott Parazynski

- Umberto Guidoni

- Yuri Lonchakov

- E Apr 19-May 1/01

- STS-104

- Steven Lindsey (C)

- Charles Hobaugh

- Michael Gernhardt

- James Reilly

- Janet Kavandi

- A Jul 12-24/01

- STS-105

- Scott Horowitz (C)

- Frederick Sturckow

- Daniel Barry

- Patrick Forrester

- Frank Culbertson

- Vladimir Dezhurov

- Mikhail Tyurin

- James Voss

- Susan Helms

- D Aug 10-22/01

- STS-108

- Yuri Usachev

- Dominic Gorie (C)

- Mark Kelly

- Linda Godwin

- Daniel Tani

- Yuri Onufrienko

- Daniel Bursch

- Carl Walz

- Frank Culbertson

- Vladimir Dezhurov

- Mikhail Tyurin

- E Dec 5-17/01

- STS-109

- Scott Altman (C)

- Duane Carey

- John Grunsfeld

- Nancy Currie

- James Newman

- Richard Linnehan

- Michael Massimino

- Co Mar 1-12/02

- STS-110

- Michael Bloomfield (C)

- Stephen Frick

- Jerry Ross

- Steven Smith

- Ellen Ochoa

- Lee Morin

- Rex Walheim

- A Apr 8-19/02

- STS-111

- Kenneth Cockrell (C)

- Paul Lockhart

- Franklin Chang-Diaz

- Philippe Perrin

- Peggy Whitson

- E Jun 5-19/02

- STS-112

- Jeffrey Ashby (C)

- Pamela Melroy

- David Wolf

- Piers Sellers

- Sandra Magnus

- Fyodor Yurchikhin

- A Oct 7-18/02

- STS-113

- James Wetherbee (C)

- Paul Lockhart

- Michael Lopez-Alegria

- John Herrington

- Peggy Whitson

- E Nov 23-Dec 7/02

- STS-107

- Rick Husband (C)

- William McCool

- Michael Anderson

- Kalpana Chawla

- David Brown

- Laurel Clark

- Ilan Ramon

- Co Jan 16-Feb 1/03

- STS-114

- Eileen Collins (C)

- James Kelly

- Charles Camarda

- Wendy Lawrence

- Soichi Noguchi

- Stephen Robinson

- Andrew Thomas

- D Jul 26-Aug 9/05

- STS-115

- Brent Jett (C)

- Christopher Ferguson

- Heide Stefanyshyn-Piper

- Joseph Tanner

- Daniel Burbank

- Steven MacLean,

- A Sep 9-21/06

- STS-121

- Steven Lindsey (C)

- Mark Kelly

- Stephanie Wilson

- Michael Fossum

- Piers Sellers

- Thomas Reiter

- Lisa Nowak

- D Jul 4-17/06

- STS-116

- Mark Polansky (C)

- William Oefelein

- Joan Higginbotham

- Robert Curbeam

- Nicholas Patrick

- Sunita Williams

- Christer Fuglesang

- D Dec 9-22/06

- STS-117

- Rick Sturckow(C)

- Clayton Anderson

- James Reilly II

- Steven Swanson

- Lee Archambault

- Patrick Forrester

- John Olivas

- A Jun 8-22/07

- STS-118

- Scott Kelly(C)

- Richard Mastracchio

- Barbara Morgan

- Charles Hobaugh

- Tracy Caldwell

- Dave Williams

- Alvin Drew

- E Aug 8-21/07

- STS-120

- Pamela Melroy(C)

- Daniel Tani

- George Zamka

- Doug Wheelock

- Scott Parazynski

- Stephanie Wilson

- Paolo Nespoli

- A Oct 23-Nov 7/07

- STS-122

- Steve Frick (C)

- Stanley Love

- Daniel Tani

- Leland Melvin

- Rex Walheim

- Alan Poindexter

- Hans Schlegel

- A Feb 7-20/08

- STS-123

- Dominic Gorie (C)

- Garrett Reisman

- Gregory H. Johnson

- Robert Behnken

- Mike Foreman

- Takao Doi

- Richard Linnehan

- E Mar 11-26/08

- STS-124

- Mark Kelly (C)

- Karen Nyberg

- Garrett Reisman

- Greg Chamitoff

- Kenneth Ham

- Akihiko Hoshide

- Ronald Garan

- Michael Fossum

- D May 31- Jun 14/08

- STS-126

- Christopher Ferguson (C)

- Eric Boe

- Sandra Magnus

- Stephen Bowen

- Donald Pettit

- Robert Kimbrough

- Heide Stefanyshyn-Piper

- E Nov 14-30/08

- STS-119

- Lee Archambault (C)

- Tony Antonelli

- Joseph Acaba

- John Phillips

- Steve Swanson

- Richard Arnold

- Koichi Wakata

- D Mar 15-28/09

- STS-125

- Scott Altman (C)

- Michael Massimino

- Michael Good

- Gregory C. Johnson

- Megan McArthur

- John Grunsfeld

- Andrew Feustel

- A May 11-24/09

- STS-127

- Mark Polansky (C)

- Doug Hurley

- David Wolf

- Christopher Cassidy

- Julie Payette

- Tom Marshburn

- Tim Kopra

- E Jul 15-31/09

- STS-128

- Frederick Sturckow(C)

- Kevin Ford

- José Hernández

- John Olivas

- Nicole Stott

- Christer Fuglesang

- Patrick Forrester

- D Aug 28- Sep 11/09

- STS-129

- Charles Hobaugh (C)

- Mike Foreman

- Leland Melvin

- Robert Satcher Jr.

- Randy Bresnik

- Barry Wilmore

- Nicole Stott

- A Nov 16-27/09

- STS-130

- George Zamka (C)

- Nicholas Patrick

- Terry Virts

- Robert Behnken

- Kathryn Hire

- Stephen Robinson

- E Feb 8-21/10

- STS-131

- Alan Poindexter (C)

- James Dutton Jr.

- Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger

- Richard Mastracchio

- Naoko Yamazaki

- Clayton Anderson

- Stephanie Wilson

- D Apr 5-20/10

- STS-132

- Kenneth Ham (C)

- Garrett Reisman

- Michael Good

- Tony Antonelli

- Piers Sellers

- Stephen Bowen

- A May 14-26/10

- STS-133

- Steven Lindsey (C)

- Alvin Drew

- Nicole Stott

- Stephen Bowen

- Michael Barratt

- Eric Boe

- D Feb 24- Mar 11/11

- STS-134

- Mark Kelly (C)

- Gregory H. Johnson

- Michael Fincke

- Greg Chamitoff

- Andrew Feustel

- Roberto Vittori

- E May 16- Jun 1/11

- STS-135

- Christopher Ferguson(C)

- Rex Walheim

- Sandra Magnus

- Doug Hurley

- A Jul 8-21/11

Colour Section

STS-67 rolls out of the Vehicle Assembly Building

The first space shuttle launch April 12 1981, note the white paint on the external tank.

STS-70 arrives at the Launch Site. Only two women would command Shuttle missions.

STS-27 Atlantis launch, December 2nd 1988

Solid Rocket Separation

Remarkable image of STS-121 taken from the Solid Rocket Booster after separation

Challenger is photographed by the SPAS mini-satellite. Note two satellite pods at the rear of the cargo bay.

The ESA designed Spacelab is seen in the cargo bay

Satellite deployment and repairs were standard operations during the first few years of the Shuttle program. Here we see the crew of STS-49 repairing Intelsat. Shuttle crews retrieved and repaired seven satellites.

Perhaps the shuttle’s greatest moment, the repair and re-deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope (above)

STS-86 arrives safely back on the landing strip at Kennedy Space Centre October 6th 1997. Shuttles landed at three different locations. KSC, Edwards Air Force Base and White Sands, New Mexico.

Endeavour is processed by the team at Edward’s Air Force Base while Columbia leaves for Florida. October 12th 1994

The first space shuttle Enterprise during its first free flight.

Enterprise and Discovery at the Udvar Hazy Centre in Virginia, just prior to Enterprise's departure for New York City.

The final few seconds of the Space Shuttle era. Atlantis, STS-135 touches down, July 21st 2011, concluding 1,323 days in space for the fleet.

Discovery in its permanent home at the Udvar Hazy Centre in Virginia. Endeavour's new permanent home is Los Angeles.

Contents

Shuttle Basics

Solid Rocket Boosters

The External Tank

External Tank Stats

Space Shuttle Main Engines

Main Engine Stats, Thrust

The Orbiter

Forward Fuselage

Crew Module

Flight Deck

Middeck

Airlock

Midfuselage

Aft Fuselage

Ground Events

NASA ORBITER FLEET

Atlantis (OV-104)

Challenger (OV-099)

Columbia (OV-102)

Discovery (OV-103)

Endeavour (OV-105)

SPACEHAB - Research Laboratory

SPACELAB - Research Laboratory

SPACE SHUTTLE ASTRONAUTS

MPLM FLIGHTS

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE FLIGHTS

SPACE SHUTTLE SATELLITE LAUNCHES 1982-2011

MIR FLIGHTS

ISS FLIGHTS (1998-2011)

Crews

STS-1

STS-2

STS-3

STS-4

STS-5

STS-6

STS-7

STS-8

STS-9

STS-41B

STS-41C

STS-41D

STS-41G

STS-51A

STS-51C

STS-51D

STS-51B

STS-51G

STS-51F

STS-51I

STS-51J

STS-61A

STS-61B

STS-61C

STS-51L

STS-26

STS-27

STS-29

STS-30

STS-28

STS-34

STS-33

STS-32

STS-36

STS-31

STS-41

STS-38

STS-35

STS-37

STS-39

STS-40

STS-43

STS-48

STS-44

STS-42

STS-45

STS-49

STS-50

STS-46

STS-47

STS-52

STS-53

STS-54

STS-56

STS-55

STS-57

STS-51

STS-58

STS-61

STS-60

STS-62

STS-59

STS-65

STS-64

STS-68

STS-66

STS-63

STS-67

STS-71

STS-70

STS-69

STS-73

STS-74

STS-72

STS-75

STS-76

STS-77

STS-78

STS-79

STS-80

STS-81

STS-82

STS-83

STS-84

STS-94

STS-85

STS-86

STS-87

STS-89

STS-90

STS-91

STS-95

STS-88

STS-96

STS-93

STS-103

STS-99

STS-101

STS-106

STS-92

STS-97

STS-98

STS-102

STS-100

STS-104

STS-105

STS-108

STS-109

STS-110

STS-111

STS-112

STS-113

STS-107

STS-114

STS-115

STS-121

STS-116

STS-117

STS-118

STS-120

STS-122

STS-123

STS-124

STS-126

STS-119

STS-125

STS-127

STS-128

STS-129

STS-130

STS-131

STS-132

STS-133

STS-134

STS-135

Colour Section